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|- | |- | ||
|a | |a | ||
|[a] | |[a] / [ǝ] | ||
| | |in unstressed syllables, above all in the last syllable, it tends to be pronounced as a schwa | ||
|- | |- | ||
|b | |b | ||
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|} | |} | ||
There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'! | |||
===Diphthongs and digraphs=== | ===Diphthongs and digraphs=== | ||
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!'''Meaning''' | !'''Meaning''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !lidh | ||
| | |lidhoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|stone | |stone | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!kŵr | !kŵr | ||
| | |kŵrae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|land | |land | ||
!ŵran | !ŵran | ||
| | |wranoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|sky, heaven | |sky, heaven | ||
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|shoe | |shoe | ||
!fws | !fws | ||
| | |fwdhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|light | |light | ||
|- | |- | ||
!sŵy | !sŵy | ||
| | |sŵae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|life | |life | ||
!lws | !lws | ||
| | |lwsae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|language | |language | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !thyr | ||
| | |thyras | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|animal | |animal | ||
!bivyl | !bivyl | ||
| | |bivloe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|book | |book | ||
|- | |- | ||
!ef | !ef | ||
| | |afae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|love | |love | ||
!alwvik | !alwvik | ||
| | |alwvikae | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|fox | |fox | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !koeran | ||
| | |koeranoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|lord | |lord | ||
! | !koeren | ||
| | |koeranae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|lady | |lady | ||
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|man | |man | ||
!gunys | !gunys | ||
| | |gunae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|woman | |woman | ||
|- | |- | ||
!pur | !pur | ||
| | |puroe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|fire | |fire | ||
!kefel | !kefel | ||
| | |kefalae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|head | |head | ||
|- | |- | ||
!tov | !tov | ||
| | |tovoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|place | |place | ||
!kron | !kron | ||
| | |kronoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|time | |time | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !odhyr | ||
| | |odhroe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|morning | |morning | ||
!yver | !yver | ||
| | |yverae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|day | |day | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dyl | !dyl | ||
| | |dylae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|afternoon | |afternoon | ||
!efer | !efer | ||
| | |eferae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|evening | |evening | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !nuth | ||
| | |nuthas | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|night | |night | ||
!hilyn | !hilyn | ||
| | |hilynae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|moon | |moon | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !seldh | ||
| | |seldhoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|priest | |priest | ||
! | !sildh | ||
| | |seldhae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|priestess | |priestess | ||
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|masculine | |masculine | ||
|tree | |tree | ||
! | !kadh | ||
| | |kadhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|hand | |hand | ||
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|masculine | |masculine | ||
|star | |star | ||
! | !omadh | ||
| | |omadhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|eye | |eye | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !kedhydh | ||
| | |kedhydhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|teacher | |teacher | ||
!fil | !fil | ||
| | |filoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|friend | |friend | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !ethyr | ||
| | |ethroe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|enemy | |enemy | ||
! | !edhaer | ||
| | |edhaeroe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|lover | |lover | ||
|- | |- | ||
!kuwn | !kuwn | ||
| | |kunoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|dog | |dog | ||
!kom | !kom | ||
| | |komoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|world | |world | ||
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!derwen | !derwen | ||
|darwen | |darwen | ||
| | |darwenae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|oak | |oak | ||
|- | |- | ||
!derwydd | !derwydd | ||
| | |darwydh | ||
| | |darwydhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|priest, magician, druid | |priest, magician, druid | ||
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!bryn | !bryn | ||
|bryn | |bryn | ||
| | |brynae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|hill | |hill | ||
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!nifwl | !nifwl | ||
|nivwl | |nivwl | ||
| | |nivloe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|mist, fog | |mist, fog | ||
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!llyn | !llyn | ||
|lyn | |lyn | ||
| | |lynoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|lake | |lake | ||
|- | |- | ||
!gwellt | !gwellt | ||
| | |gweldh | ||
| | |gweldhas | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|grass | |grass | ||
|- | |- | ||
!ofydd | !ofydd | ||
| | |ovydh | ||
| | |ovydhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|ovate | |ovate | ||
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!awen | !awen | ||
|awen | |awen | ||
| | |awenae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|inspiration | |inspiration | ||
|- | |- | ||
!bleydh | !bleydh | ||
| | |bleudh | ||
| | |bleudhas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|wolf | |wolf | ||
|- | |- | ||
!lowarth | !lowarth | ||
| | |lowarth | ||
| | |lowarthas | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|paradise | |paradise | ||
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!calon | !calon | ||
|kalen | |kalen | ||
| | |kalenae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|heart | |heart | ||
|} | |} | ||
Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes ''' | Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''gwedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain. | ||
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''awid''', has got the meaning of "artist". | Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''awid''', has got the meaning of "artist". | ||
Even the word '''awen''' has substituted another Greek word, ''' | Even the word '''awen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daevon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Awenae''' is also used to mean '''Mwsae''', plural of '''Mws''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse". | ||
====Formation of feminine==== | ====Formation of feminine==== | ||
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Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes: | Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes: | ||
* '''-yr''' (pl. ''-(y) | * '''-yr''' (pl. ''-(y)rae''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydhyr''' (plural: ''melbydhrae''); | ||
* '''-en''' (pl. ''- | * '''-en''' (pl. ''-anae''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ethyr''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranae''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanae''); | ||
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a- | * '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ae''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafae''); '''maw''' (= "sorcerer") > '''mew''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mawae''). | ||
Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: ''' | Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''seldh''' > '''sildh''' (plural: ''seldhae''). | ||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== |
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