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==Orthography of Old Valthungian== | |||
There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time, with notes where there are variants. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
|- | |||
!width=65px| Griutungi | |||
!width=65px| IPA | |||
!width=65px| Old Val. | |||
!width=150px| Variants | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
| a | |||
| ɑ | |||
| a | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| ā | |||
| ɑː | |||
| aa | |||
|align="left"| a, ā | |||
|align="left"| Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely. | |||
|- | |||
| ǣ | |||
| ɛː | |||
| ae | |||
|align="left"| ai, ee | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| ǭ | |||
| ɔː | |||
| ao | |||
|align="left"| au, oa, oo, ō | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| b | |||
| b | |||
| b | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| b | |||
| b → β | |||
| bv | |||
|align="left"| vv | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| d | |||
| d | |||
| d | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| d | |||
| d → ð | |||
| ð | |||
|align="left"| dv, dd, δ | |||
|align="left"| Though ð is being used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling ϫ, the Coptic ''gangia'',) letter was more often used. | |||
|- | |||
| e | |||
| ɛ | |||
| e | |||
|align="left"| ai | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| - | |||
| œː | |||
| eao | |||
|align="left"| eoa, eō, eoo | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| ē | |||
| eː → ei̯ | |||
| ei | |||
|align="left"| ē, ee, ej | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| - | |||
| œ | |||
| eo | |||
|align="left"| oe, ø | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| - | |||
| øː | |||
| eou | |||
|align="left"| eoo, eō, ooe | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| - | |||
| y | |||
| eu | |||
|align="left"| y, ue | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| - | |||
| yː | |||
| euu | |||
|align="left"| yy, uue | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| f | |||
| ɸ | |||
| f | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| g | |||
| ɡ | |||
| g | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| g | |||
| ɣ | |||
| gy | |||
|align="left"| y, gv, gð | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| h | |||
| h~x | |||
| h | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| i | |||
| i | |||
| i | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| ī | |||
| iː | |||
| ii | |||
|align="left"| ī, ei, ij | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| j | |||
| j | |||
| j | |||
|align="left"| i | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| iu | |||
| iu̯ → ju | |||
| ju | |||
|align="left"| iu, iv, jv | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| k | |||
| k | |||
| k | |||
|align="left"| c | |||
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |||
| kh | |||
| kʰ | |||
| k | |||
|align="left"| kh, ch, χ | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| kw | |||
| kʷ → kw | |||
| kv | |||
|align="left"| qv, q, ku | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| l | |||
| l | |||
| l | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| m | |||
| m | |||
| m | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| n | |||
| n | |||
| n | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| ng | |||
| ŋɡ | |||
| ng | |||
|align="left"| gg | |||
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
| nk | |||
| ŋk | |||
| nk | |||
|align="left"| gk, gc | |||
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
| nkw | |||
| ŋkw | |||
| nkv | |||
|align="left"| gq, gqv, nq, nqv, ncu... | |||
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
| o | |||
| ɔ | |||
| o | |||
|align="left"| au | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| ō | |||
| oː → ou̯ | |||
| ou | |||
|align="left"| oo, ō, o, ov | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| p | |||
| p | |||
| p | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |||
| r | |||
| r | |||
| r | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| s | |||
| s | |||
| s | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| t | |||
| t | |||
| t | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| ū | |||
| uː | |||
| uu | |||
|align="left"| ū, u, uv | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| w | |||
| w | |||
| v | |||
|align="left"| vv, uu, ƿ | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| y | |||
| ʏ | |||
| y | |||
|align="left"| y, i, u, ui | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- | |||
| z | |||
| z → ʐ | |||
| z | |||
|align="left"| ȥ | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|} |