Wistanian: Difference between revisions

# Alveolars (except /ɾ ~ r/) are pronounced laminally.

# ɦ > ɣ / #_, [stress]_

# /w/ is spoken in emphasized or slow speech, while /βʷ/ is spoken in quick speech. Whenever immediately following a consonant, this is always pronounced as /w/. In the Western Dialect, it is always pronounced as /w/.

# /r/ is spoken in emphasized or slow speech, while /ɾ/ is spoken in quick speech. In some words, the trilled is preferred even in quick speech; for example, '''''ggarauni''''' (large) is almost always pronounced [kəˈrɑni].

===Vowels===

Stress usually falls on the first non-lax vowel (/ai̯/, /i/, /e/, /a/, /ɯ/, or /ɑ/). The only issue with this is where the vowels /i/ and /a/ come into place since you must know whether or not those sounds are the stressed /i/ or /a/ or the lax [ɪ] or [ə]. A prime example is between the words '''''viman''''' and '''''viman''''', which are spelled identically. When stress is on the /i/ as in [ˈvimən], the word means “sugar”, but when stress is on the /a/ as in [vɪˈman], the word means “sky.” Stress is realized through vowel lengthening, as is explained in more detail  

===Prosody===

===Word Order===

  '''gaun azavyi ravu miramwi daz ilam aa din naulam ggarauni da zi maumu.'''

  "The young man quickly carried three large melons to the store for his mother."

  *carried fast store to man young three melons large for his mother.

===Questions===

There is no Wistanian equivalent to the English "how," usually being replaced by "what" or "what method".

==Morphology==

| style="text-align: center;" | "outside the house"

|-

| style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | -wi

| style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | ujadiwi

| style="text-align: center;" | "to/toward the house"

|-

| style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | -igza

| style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | ujadyigza

| style="text-align: center;" | "(away) from the house"

|-

| style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | -nuz

| style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | ujadinuz

|-

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Distantive

''?'' indicates that a term for the particular case has not been decided upon.

Once a noun takes on a locative case, it is treated as a modifier, coming immediately after its head. However, it can still be given modifiers of its own that may intervene between the locative and its head. In this case, locative nouns take on their own group, alongside subject nouns and object nouns.

The Wistanian understanding of aspect is different than what one will find in most natural languages. Rather than conjugating for grammatical aspect, Wistanian conjugates for ''lexical aspect''. In other words, the very definition of a verb may change based on its conjugation.

* '''Stative verbs''' (<code>STA</code>) describe a situation or action that is unchanging over a long period of time. Stative verbs do not describe temporary actions, but rather the result of a temporary action or a series of temporary actions that identify the subject.

* '''Durative verbs''' (<code>DUR</code>) are dynamic and indicate that an action is in progress from one state to another.

* '''Atelic verbs''' (<code>ATEL</code>) are dynamic and punctual, describing an action that does not have an intended endpoint. Like the telic, this aspect strongly implies the past or future tense, but is often grammatically imperfective.

       ASPECT

For example, the verb '''''bima''''' means to "fall" in the telic, "precipitate" in the atelic, "descend" in the durative, and "to be fallen (i.e., lying on the ground after a fall)" in the stative. '''''bima''''' still expresses the same basic meaning — "the subject goes downward" — but its implications change based on its conjugations. This is also true of the verb '''''ja''''', which means "like" in the stative, "fall in love" in the durative, "achieve or accomplish" in the telic, and "want" in the atelic. Again, the basic meaning remains — "the subject has a desire" — but the differing conjugations further explain what ''kind'' of desire is being had: an unchanging desire (stative), a growing desire (durative), a satisfied desire (telic), or an unsatisfied desire (atelic).

====Mood====

{| class="wikitable"

===Modifiers===

===Honorifics===

Wistanian has a very exciting honorific system with several unique features. Honorifics are used for almost everyone: familial relationships and close friendships, authorities and superiors, and people who are younger than you. They are often said after a proper noun, take inflectional morphology, and can replace the 2nd person pronouns.

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