Marsatian: Difference between revisions
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Marsatian (''Malsadheok'' [malsadʒʌk̚]) is a Western Chimotan language spoken by about 1.12 billion people, primarily in Marsat, where it is the national and official language. The pronunciation of the standard variety of Marsatian is based on the dialect of Senda, the capital of Marsat. | Marsatian ('''''Malsadheok''''' [malsadʒʌk̚]) is a Western Chimotan language spoken by about 1.12 billion people, primarily in Marsat, where it is the national and official language. The pronunciation of the standard variety of Marsatian is based on the dialect of Senda, the capital of Marsat. | ||
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --> | <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --> | ||
===Setting=== | ===Setting=== | ||
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! Letter !! Medial Pronunciation | ! Letter !! Medial Pronunciation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| p || /b/ | | '''p''' || /b/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| t || /d/ | | '''t''' || /d/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| k || /g/ | | '''k''' || /g/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| s || /z/ | | '''s''' || /z/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sh || /ʒ/ | | '''sh''' || /ʒ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| x || /ɣ/ | | '''x''' || /ɣ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| c || /d͡z/ | | '''c''' || /d͡z/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ch || /d͡ʒ/ | | '''ch''' || /d͡ʒ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| l || /ɾ/ | | '''l''' || /ɾ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
All stops, affricates and fricatives become stops with inaudible release at the end of the word or before a stop, fricative or africate. | All stops, affricates and fricatives become stops with inaudible release at the end of the word or before a stop, fricative or africate. | ||
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|colspan=3| ''''T-Stop''''' | |colspan=3| ''''T-Stop''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| t, th, d, s, z, sh, ch, zh, dh, c, dz || /t̚/ | | '''t, th, d, s, z, sh, ch, zh, dh, c, dz''' || /t̚/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=3| ''''K-Stop''''' | |colspan=3| ''''K-Stop''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| k, kh, g, x, gh || /k̚/ | | '''k, kh, g, x, gh''' || /k̚/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=3| '''''P-Stop''''' | |colspan=3| '''''P-Stop''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| p, ph, b || /p̚/ | | '''p, ph, b''' || /p̚/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Marsatian has eight vowel phonemes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=3| '''''Front''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''a''' || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther | |||
|- | |||
| '''ae''' || /e/ || as in b'''a'''te | |||
|- | |||
| '''e''' || /ɛ/ || as in b'''e'''d | |||
|- | |||
| '''i''' || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=3| '''''Back''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''eo''' || /ʌ/ || as in b'''u'''t | |||
|- | |||
| '''o''' || /o/ || as in b'''oa'''t | |||
|- | |||
| '''eu''' || /ɯ/ || as in f'''oo'''t | |||
|- | |||
| '''oo''' || /u/ || as in f'''oo'''d | |||
|} | |||
====Diphthongs==== | |||
The semivowels '''y''' and '''w''' form rising diphthongs when followed by a vowel. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=4| '''''Y-Diphthongs''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''i''' + '''a''' || '''ya''' || /ja/ || as in '''ya'''rd | |||
|- | |||
| '''i''' + '''ae''' || '''yae''' || /je/ || as in '''yay''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''i''' + '''e''' || '''ye''' || /jɛ/ || as in '''ye'''t | |||
|- | |||
| '''i''' + '''u''' || '''yu''' || /ju/ || as in '''you'''th | |||
|- | |||
| '''i''' + '''o''' || '''yo''' || /jo/ || as in '''yo'''ghurt | |||
|- | |||
| '''i''' + '''eo''' || '''yeo''' || /jʌ/ || as in '''yo'''nder | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=4| '''''W-Diphthongs''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''u''' + '''eo''' || '''weo''' || /wʌ/ || as in '''wo'''nder (to roam) | |||
|- | |||
| '''u''' + '''o''' || '''wo''' || /wo/ || as in '''wo'''ven | |||
|- | |||
| '''u''' + '''ae''' || '''wae''' || /we/ || as in '''wai'''t | |||
|- | |||
| '''u''' + '''e''' || '''we''' || /wɛ/ || as in '''we'''b | |||
|- | |||
| '''u''' + '''a''' || '''wa''' || /wa/ || as in '''wa'''sh | |||
|} | |||
Since Marsatian does not possess fall diphthongs, two vowels that are not listed above would be pronounced as two separate vowels in hiatus. | |||
Two diphthongs ('''wae'' and '''wi''') become two unique single vowels when they appear at the beginning of a word. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| '''wae''' || /ø/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''wi''' || /y/ | |||
|} | |||
====Assimilation==== | |||
Consonant clusters are not permitted at the onset of a syllable but they are allowed at the coda. When two syllables are joined, the first may end in a consonant cluster. However, the pronunciation of the consonants and the ones that follow (if any) are changed depending on what they are. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=3| '''''Assimilation''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''k, kh, g, x, gh''' + '''n, m, ng''' || '''ng''' + '''n, m, ng''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''k, kh, g, x, gh''' + '''l, r''' || '''ng''' + '''n''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''t, th, s, sh, ch, dh, zh, c, dz, z, d ''' + '''n, m, ng''' || '''n''' + '''n, m, ng''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''p, ph, b''' + '''n, m, ng''' || '''m''' + '''n, m, ng''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''p, b''' + '''l, r''' || '''m''' + '''n''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''l, r''' + '''n''' || '''l''' + '''l''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''m, ng''' + '''l, r''' || '''m, ng''' + '''n''' | |||
|} | |||
====Double Consonants==== | |||
When two consonants appear in the final position, only one of them is pronounced. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=3| '''''Double Consonants Final Pronunciation''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''k, g''' + '''s, z''' ''or'' '''l, r''' + '''k, g''' || /k̚/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''k, g''' + '''ch, dh''' ''or'' '''n''' + '''h''' || /n/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''l, r''' + '''p, b''' ''or'' '''l, r''' + '''s, z''' ''or'' '''l, r''' + '''th''' ''or'' '''l, r''' + '''h''' || /l/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''l, r''' + '''m''' || /m/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''p, b''' + '''s, z''' ''or'' '''l, r''' + '''ph''' || /p̚/ | |||
|} | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Marsatian syllable structure can be at most /CGVC/. In this structure, G is a glide /j, w/. Any consonant except /ŋ/ may occur initially, but only /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ may occur finally. As mentioned above, two consonants may occur only between vowels. However, words can also end in double consonants, which are only both pronounced when followed by a vowel. | |||
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Latest revision as of 06:15, 9 July 2018
| Marsatian | |
|---|---|
| malsadheok | |
| Created by | Nate S. Lyons |
| Setting | Marsat |
| Native speakers | 1.12 billion (2018) |
Introduction
Marsatian (Malsadheok [malsadʒʌk̚]) is a Western Chimotan language spoken by about 1.12 billion people, primarily in Marsat, where it is the national and official language. The pronunciation of the standard variety of Marsatian is based on the dialect of Senda, the capital of Marsat.
Setting
Marsatian is spoken in the country of Marsat, a vast empire on the Chimotan continent. It is also spoken by Marsatian emigrant communities.
Inspiration
The language of the Marsatians was inspired by several natural languages. East Asian cultures and languages were the main influence behind the creation of the Marsatians. The grammar of Marsatian is almost identical to that of Modern Korean while a lot of morphology is based on Chinese and Japanese.
Phonology
Consonants
| Stops | ||
| b | /b/ | as in beg |
| p | /p/ | as in sport |
| ph | /pʰ/ | as in 'port |
| d | /d/ | as in dam |
| t | /t/ | as in start |
| th | /tʰ/ | as in 'top |
| g | /g/ | as in goal |
| k | /k/ | as in skip |
| kh | /kʰ/ | as in 'keep |
| Fricatives | ||
| zh | /ʒ/ | as in garage |
| gh | /ɣ/ | as in Greek gamma |
| s | /s/ | as in soup |
| z | /z/ | as in zero |
| sh | /ʃ/ | as in sharp |
| x | /x/ | as in German Bach |
| h | /h/ | as in hero |
| Affricates | ||
| ch | /t͡ʃ/ | as in cheese |
| dh | /d͡ʒ/ | as in judge |
| c | /t͡s/ | as in cats |
| dz | /d͡z/ | as in cards |
| Nasals and Liquids | ||
| m | /m/ | as in mice |
| n | /n/ | as in nose |
| ng | /ŋ/ | as in sing |
| l | /l/ | as in lie |
| r | /ɾ/ | as in Spanish rojo |
| Semi-Vowels / Glides | ||
| w | /w/ | as in west |
| y | /j/ | as in yes |
Positional Allophones
Some Marsatian consonants can exhibit three different sounds based on their position. The main form, called the initial, is found at the beginning of words. The second form, the medial, is found between vowels and before voiced consonants. Lastly, the final form is found only at the end of a word of before a stop.
Initials are pronounced as shown in the table above.
Most letters are pronounced like their initial forms in medial position. However, those that do not are listed below.
| Letter | Medial Pronunciation |
|---|---|
| p | /b/ |
| t | /d/ |
| k | /g/ |
| s | /z/ |
| sh | /ʒ/ |
| x | /ɣ/ |
| c | /d͡z/ |
| ch | /d͡ʒ/ |
| l | /ɾ/ |
All stops, affricates and fricatives become stops with inaudible release at the end of the word or before a stop, fricative or africate.
| 'T-Stop | ||
| t, th, d, s, z, sh, ch, zh, dh, c, dz | /t̚/ | |
| 'K-Stop | ||
| k, kh, g, x, gh | /k̚/ | |
| P-Stop | ||
| p, ph, b | /p̚/ | |
The rest of the consonants are pronounced the same in the final form as they do in their initial form.
Vowels
Marsatian has eight vowel phonemes.
| Front | ||
| a | /a/ | as in father |
| ae | /e/ | as in bate |
| e | /ɛ/ | as in bed |
| i | /i/ | as in feet |
| Back | ||
| eo | /ʌ/ | as in but |
| o | /o/ | as in boat |
| eu | /ɯ/ | as in foot |
| oo | /u/ | as in food |
Diphthongs
The semivowels y and w form rising diphthongs when followed by a vowel.
| Y-Diphthongs | |||
| i + a | ya | /ja/ | as in yard |
| i + ae | yae | /je/ | as in yay |
| i + e | ye | /jɛ/ | as in yet |
| i + u | yu | /ju/ | as in youth |
| i + o | yo | /jo/ | as in yoghurt |
| i + eo | yeo | /jʌ/ | as in yonder |
| W-Diphthongs | |||
| u + eo | weo | /wʌ/ | as in wonder (to roam) |
| u + o | wo | /wo/ | as in woven |
| u + ae | wae | /we/ | as in wait |
| u + e | we | /wɛ/ | as in web |
| u + a | wa | /wa/ | as in wash |
Since Marsatian does not possess fall diphthongs, two vowels that are not listed above would be pronounced as two separate vowels in hiatus.
Two diphthongs ('wae and wi) become two unique single vowels when they appear at the beginning of a word.
| wae | /ø/ |
| wi | /y/ |
Assimilation
Consonant clusters are not permitted at the onset of a syllable but they are allowed at the coda. When two syllables are joined, the first may end in a consonant cluster. However, the pronunciation of the consonants and the ones that follow (if any) are changed depending on what they are.
| Assimilation | ||
| k, kh, g, x, gh + n, m, ng | ng + n, m, ng | |
| k, kh, g, x, gh + l, r | ng + n | |
| t, th, s, sh, ch, dh, zh, c, dz, z, d + n, m, ng | n + n, m, ng | |
| p, ph, b + n, m, ng | m + n, m, ng | |
| p, b + l, r | m + n | |
| l, r + n | l + l | |
| m, ng + l, r | m, ng + n | |
Double Consonants
When two consonants appear in the final position, only one of them is pronounced.
| Double Consonants Final Pronunciation | ||
| k, g + s, z or l, r + k, g | /k̚/ | |
| k, g + ch, dh or n + h | /n/ | |
| l, r + p, b or l, r + s, z or l, r + th or l, r + h | /l/ | |
| l, r + m | /m/ | |
| p, b + s, z or l, r + ph | /p̚/ | |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Marsatian syllable structure can be at most /CGVC/. In this structure, G is a glide /j, w/. Any consonant except /ŋ/ may occur initially, but only /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ may occur finally. As mentioned above, two consonants may occur only between vowels. However, words can also end in double consonants, which are only both pronounced when followed by a vowel.