757
edits
Harākti: Difference between revisions
→Tense
(→Mood) |
(→Tense) |
||
| Line 1,370: | Line 1,370: | ||
====Tense==== | ====Tense==== | ||
Harākti has three tenses in total: present, preterite and future. The present and preterite are inherited from Proto-Indo-European, while the future is derived from the present by means of suffixing an '''-s''' to the present forms. The present forms end in '''-i''', which is dropped in the preterite. Some other changes may also occur in the preterite forms. The present and preterite forms usually come in two varieties: athematic, which are added directly to the stem, and thematic, which are preceded by a vowel between the stem and the suffix. The proper distinction from Proto-Indo-European has, however, been lost and many verbs use a combination of both. | Harākti has three tenses in total: present, preterite and future. The present and preterite are inherited from Proto-Indo-European, while the future is derived from the present by means of suffixing an '''-s''' to the present forms. The present forms end in '''-i''', which is dropped in the preterite. Some other changes may also occur in the preterite forms. The present and preterite forms usually come in two varieties: athematic, which are added directly to the stem, and thematic, which are preceded by a vowel between the stem and the suffix. The proper distinction from Proto-Indo-European has, however, been lost and many verbs use a combination of both. | ||
There are also two periphrastic tenses, commonly called present perfect and past perfect (or pluperfect). They appear to have been borrowed from Hittite, as evident by their formation. Both tenses are formed with an auxiliary verb and a past participle. There are two auxiliary verbs: '''harkā''' (''to have'') and '''esī''' (''to be''). The first verb, ''harkā'', is borrowed directly from Hittite as it otherwise does not occur in Harākti. There is a difference in their use: ''harkā'' is used with transitive verbs and ''esī'' with intransitive verbs. The participle following ''harkā'' is uninflected and it occurs in the neuter form, while the participle following ''esī'' is inflected for gender and number. The tenses are formed as expected: present perfect with the auxiliary in the present tense plus the participle; and past perfect with the auxiliary in the preterite tense plus the participle. Theoretically, a future perfect could also be formed but such a tense does not occur in the language, even though it would be understood. The system bears stricking resemblence with similar formations in Romance languages but it predates them by centuries - Harākti and Hittite are also the only two languages of the Anatolian branch that have such a formation and Hittite seems to have developed it on its own (and as mentioned, later borrowed to Harākti). | |||
====Aspect==== | ====Aspect==== | ||