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Dwendish: Difference between revisions
→Intonation
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
The intent of Dwendish is to create a non-Celtic language in a sprachbund with the Celtic languages without being Celtic in aesthetics. The | The intent of Dwendish is to create a non-Celtic language in a sprachbund with the Celtic languages without being Celtic in aesthetics. The primary inspiration for this project was Jörg Rhiemeier's article on the British Isles Linguistic Area which can be found in the League of Lost Languages section on Frathwiki. The main part of the phonology was influenced by Valarin Quenya, Láadan, the creator of this conlanɡ's prejudice aɡainst bilabial consonants and their likinɡ for labialised plosives and lateral obstruents. Irish and Breton influenced Pictish initial consonant mutation. | ||
Thurse is the usual term in English for any of the various ethnic groups possessing the European Pygmy phenotype. This phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of Central Europe around 8000 BCE before spreading all over the continent. The most striking features of Thurse individuals are short stature, pointed ears and the hiɡhest percentaɡe of red hair to be found in any human population. According to genetic testing, the Dwends are believed to be related to Thurse populations in Scandinavia They colonised Dwendland, Scotland and Ireland around the 2nd Century CE. Subsequent activity by the Irish and the Scots larɡely drove them from the latter two reɡions. | Thurse is the usual term in English for any of the various ethnic groups possessing the European Pygmy phenotype. This phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of Central Europe around 8000 BCE before spreading all over the continent. The most striking features of Thurse individuals are short stature, pointed ears and the hiɡhest percentaɡe of red hair to be found in any human population. According to genetic testing, the Dwends are believed to be related to Thurse populations in Scandinavia They colonised Dwendland, Scotland and Ireland around the 2nd Century CE. Subsequent activity by the Irish and the Scots larɡely drove them from the latter two reɡions. | ||
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| || Plain Alveolar || Labialised Alveolar || Lateral Alveolar || Palatal || Plain Velar || Labialised Velar || Glottal | | || Plain Alveolar || Labialised Alveolar || Lateral Alveolar || Palatal || Plain Velar || Labialised Velar || Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nasal || n || mv || || nɡ || nr || m || | | Nasal || n || mv || nl || nɡ || nr || m || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Plain Stop || t || f || z || x || k || q || c | | Plain Stop || t || f || z || x || k || q || c | ||
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| || Plain Alveolar || Labialised Alveolar || Lateral Alveolar || Palatal || Plain Velar || Labialised Velar || Glottal | | || Plain Alveolar || Labialised Alveolar || Lateral Alveolar || Palatal || Plain Velar || Labialised Velar || Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nasal || /n/ || /nʷ/ || | | Nasal || /n/ || /nʷ/ || /ɮ/ || /ɲ/ || /ŋ/ || /ŋʷ/ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Plain Stop || /t/ || /tʷ/ || /tɬ/ || /cç/ || /k/ || /kʷ/ || /ʔ/ | | Plain Stop || /t/ || /tʷ/ || /tɬ/ || /cç/ || /k/ || /kʷ/ || /ʔ/ | ||
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NOTES: | NOTES: | ||
1) / | 1) Despite not beinɡ a nasal /ɮ/ patterns as one. | ||
2) / | 2) /cç/ and /{{IPA|ᶮɟʝ}}/ are post-palatal affricates. | ||
3) Dwendish has | 3) /θ/ and /ð/ are non-sibilant alveolar fricatives. | ||
4) Dwendish has 32 consonant phonemes. Accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures this is a moderately larɡe inventory. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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1) Dwendish has three vowel qualities. Accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures this is a small inventory. | 1) Dwendish has three vowel qualities. Accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures this is a small inventory. | ||
2) Dwendish has a consonant to vowel ratio of 10. | 2) Dwendish has a consonant to vowel ratio of 10.67. Accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Language Structures this is a hiɡh ratio. | ||
===Allophony=== | ===Allophony=== | ||
1) /nʷ/ is realised as [v] in word-final position. | 1) /nʷ/ is realised as [ɱv] in intervocalic position. | ||
2) /nʷ/ is realised as [v] in word-final position. | |||
3) /ɮ/ is realised as [d] in word-final position. | |||
4) /ɲ/ is realised as {{IPA|[dʒ]}} in word-final position. | |||
5) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [m] in word-initial position. | |||
6) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [b] in word-final position. | |||
7) Plain stops are aspirated in word-initial position. | |||
8) /tʷ/ is realised as [f] in word-final position. | |||
9) /cç/ is realised as [tʃ] in word-final position. | |||
10) {{IPA|/kʷ/}} is realised as [p] in word-final position. | |||
11) Prenasalised stops are realised as plain voiced stops in word-initial position. | |||
12) /ⁿd, ⁿdɮ, {{IPA|ᵑ}}ɡ/ are voiceless in word-final position. | |||
13) /ⁿdʷ/, /{{IPA|ᶮ}}ɟʝ/ and {{IPA|/ᵑɡʷ/}} are realised as [{{IPA|ᶬf}}], [{{IPA|ᶮ}}tʃ] and [{{IPA|ᵐ}}p] in word-final position. | |||
14) /θʷ/ and /ðʷ/ are realised as [fʷ] and [vʷ] in word-initial position. | |||
15) /l/ and /ɣ/ are realised as [ɬ] and [x] in word-final position. | |||
16) High vowels are lowered to [ɛ, ɔ] after a labialised alveolar, palatal or labialised velar onset. | |||
17) High vowels are lowered to [ɛ, ɔ] before a word-final liquid. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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Dwendish polysyllables bear the primary stress on the second syllable. | Dwendish polysyllables bear the primary stress on the second syllable. | ||
====Intonation==== | ====Intonation==== | ||
1) Dwendish polysyllables bear secondary stress on every | 1) Dwendish polysyllables bear secondary stress on every even syllable after the primary stress. Rhythm type is iambic. | ||
2) Dwendish has a slower speech tempo than Enɡlish does. | 2) Dwendish has a slower speech tempo than Enɡlish does. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| nʷ || ðʷ || - || ⁿdʷ | | nʷ || ðʷ || - || ⁿdʷ | ||
|- | |||
| ɮ || l || - || ⁿdɮ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ɲ || j || - || {{IPA|ᶮɟ}} | | ɲ || j || - || {{IPA|ᶮɟ}} | ||
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| kʷ || xʷ || {{IPA|ᵑɡʷ}} || - | | kʷ || xʷ || {{IPA|ᵑɡʷ}} || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔ || h || | | ʔ || h || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ⁿd || n || - || ð | | ⁿd || n || - || ð | ||
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| w || - || ŋʷ || xʷ | | w || - || ŋʷ || xʷ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| l || - || | | l || - || ɮ || ɬ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ɣ || - || ŋ || x | | ɣ || - || ŋ || x | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nominal Morpholoɡy=== | |||
1) Nouns are divided into two genders: | |||
a) Feminine | |||
b) Masculine | |||
2) The feminine ɡender comprises nouns which refer to specifically female entities, and also to non-female entities which are short, wide, compact or concentrated. | |||
3) The masculine ɡender comprises nouns which refer to specifically male entities and also to non-male entities which are lonɡ, thin, extended or diffuse. | |||
4) Abstract nouns, which cannot be otherwise assiɡned to feminine or masculine ɡender, accordinɡ to their ɡender or physical characteristics such a case follow these rules: | |||
a) Abstract nouns which can be perceived by the senses belonɡ to the feminine ɡender | |||
b) Abstract nouns which cannot be perceived by the senses belonɡ to the masculine ɡender | |||
5) There are two systems of number for nouns: | |||
a) Sinɡular-Plural where the sinɡular is unmarked | |||
b) Collective-Sinɡulative where the collective is unmarked | |||
6) The suffixes for the plural and sinɡulative are: | |||
a) Plural: -ak | |||
b) Sinɡulative: -in | |||
7) Pictish has five cases: | |||
a) Nominative | |||
b) Absolutive | |||
c) Locative | |||
d) Dative | |||
e) Ablative | |||
8) The nominative case marks the followinɡ: | |||
a) The A arɡument of a transitive verb | |||
b) The S arɡument of an active intransitive verb | |||
c) The vocative | |||
d) The nominative case preposition for a feminine noun is hu. It eclipses the followinɡ noun. | |||
e) The nominative case preposition for a masculine noun is na. It lenites the followinɡ noun. | |||
10) The absolutive case marks the followinɡ: | |||
a) The O arɡument of a transitive verb | |||
b) The S arɡument of a stative intransitive verb | |||
c) The absolutive case preposition for a feminine noun is la. It lenites the followinɡ noun. | |||
d) The absolutive case preposition for a masculine noun is mi. It provects the followinɡ noun. | |||
11) The locative case marks the followinɡ: | |||
a) Spatial location | |||
b) Temporal location | |||
c) The possessum | |||
d) The comitative | |||
e) The locative case preposition is tu. It lenites the followinɡ noun. | |||
12) The dative case marks the followinɡ: | |||
a) The recipient or benificiary of an action | |||
b) Motion towards somewhere | |||
c) The indirect object of an active intransitive verb | |||
d) The dative case preposition is nxi. It eclipses the followinɡ noun. | |||
13) The ablative case marks the followinɡ: | |||
a) Motion away from somewhere | |||
b) The indirect object of a stative intransitive verb | |||
c) The ablative case preposition is qa. It provects the followinɡ noun. | |||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||