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'''Ldon''' /ldo̞n/ is a language spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/ | '''Ldon''' (native pronunciation: /ldo̞n/, English pronunciation: /lədɒn/ luh-DON) is a language spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Ldonjama|Ldonjama]]. | ||
Numbers: ''pad noz doja wić heko ldov hawo zjop lkam bot'' | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
p t k b d v s z ś ź h c ć m n w l j a e i o u /p t k b d v s z ɕ ʑ h ts tɕ m n w l j a e i o u/ | |||
p t k b d v s z ś ź h c ć m n l j a e i o u | |||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
The acceptable initial consonant clusters are lp, lb, lt, ld, lk, sm, sn, | The acceptable initial consonant clusters are lp, lb, lt, ld, lk, sm, sn, sw, sj, zm, zn, zv, zj, tm, kn, pn, tw, kw and dw. | ||
Hiatus is allowed. | Hiatus is allowed, e.g. ''hoap'' = oblique I form of ''hoc'' 'son' | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
====Consonant gradation==== | |||
Ldon has a process of consonant gradation which works with certain suffixes, as in Finnish. The rules are: | |||
*p -> w | |||
*b, m -> l | |||
*t -> z | |||
*d, n, ć -> ź | |||
*k -> c | |||
*c disappears | |||
*ź, z -> j | |||
*s -> l | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Ldon nouns come in four cases: direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative. | Ldon nouns come in four cases: direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative. | ||
*Both subjects and objects of transitive verbs are in the direct case. When used with locative prepositions, it implies location. | *Both subjects and objects of transitive verbs are in the direct case. When used with locative prepositions, it implies location. | ||
*The oblique I case is used for subjects of intransitive verbs. When used with locative prepositions, it implies motion towards an object. It is marked with ''-(a)p'' and may cause stem vowel changes. | *The oblique I case is used for subjects of intransitive verbs. When used with locative prepositions, it implies motion towards an object. It is marked with ''-(a)p'' and may cause stem vowel changes. | ||
*The oblique II case is used with non-locative prepositions. When used with locative prepositions, it implies motion away from an object. | *The oblique II case is used with non-locative prepositions. When used with locative prepositions, it implies motion away from an object. It has practically merged with the vocative in the modern language. | ||
*The vocative case is marked with ''-a''. | *The vocative case is marked with ''-a''. | ||
Examples: ''znam'' (field); oblique I form ''znalap''; oblique II ''znama'' | Examples: ''znam'' (field); oblique I form ''znalap''; oblique II/vocative ''znama'' | ||
''swelek'' (rainbow; the final k is from *-tk); oblique I form ''swelecap'', oblique II/vocative form ''sweleka'' | |||
''hulu'' (mite); oblique I ''hulup'', oblique II ''hulua'' | |||
Ldon verbs inflect for pluractionality. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||