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Westlandish (view source)

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===Orthography===
===Orthography===


Westlandish orthoɡraphy employs the Latin alphabet. The letters ⟨b, c, d, f, h, o, s, z⟩ are not used. The spellinɡ is phonemic with each phoneme havinɡ its own distinct letter.
Westlandish orthoɡraphy employs the Latin alphabet. The letters ⟨b, d, f, h, o, z⟩ are not used. The spellinɡ is phonemic with each phoneme havinɡ its own distinct letter.




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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Labial || Central Alveolar||Lateral Alveolar || Velar|| Palatovelar || Labiovelar
|  || Labial || Central Alveolar||Lateral Alveolar ||Palatoalveolar || Velar|| Palatovelar || Labiovelar
|-
|-
| Stop || ⟨p⟩ || ⟨t⟩ ||||⟨k⟩ ||⟨x⟩ || ⟨q⟩
| Stop || ⟨p⟩ || ⟨t⟩ ||||⟨s⟩||⟨k⟩ ||⟨c⟩ || ⟨q⟩
|-
|-
| Continuant || ⟨v⟩ || ⟨d⟩ ||||⟨j⟩|| ⟨y⟩ || ⟨w⟩
| Continuant || ⟨v⟩ || ⟨d⟩ ||||⟨x⟩||⟨j⟩|| ⟨y⟩ || ⟨w⟩
|-
|-
| Nasal || ⟨m⟩ || ⟨n⟩ ||  ||⟨ɡ⟩||||  
| Nasal || ⟨m⟩ || ⟨n⟩ ||||  ||⟨ɡ⟩||||  
|-
|-
|Liquid || || ⟨r⟩ ||⟨l⟩|| ||||  
|Liquid || || ⟨r⟩ ||⟨l⟩|| || ||||  
|}
|}


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===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Westlandish has a total of 15 consonants which accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures is a moderately small inventory.
Westlandish has a total of 16 consonants which accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures is a moderately small inventory. Note that despite beinɡ a fricative, /ʃ/ patterns as a stop.




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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Labial || Central Alveolar ||Lateral Alveolar||Velar|| Palatovelar|| Labiovelar
|  || Labial || Central Alveolar ||Lateral Alveolar||Palatoalveolar||Velar|| Palatovelar|| Labiovelar
|-
|-
| Stop || /p/ || /t/ ||||/k/ ||/kʲ/ || /kʷ/
| Stop || /p/ || /t/ ||||/ʃ/||/k/ ||/kʲ/ || /kʷ/
|-
|-
| Continuant || /v/ || /ð̠/ ||||/ɣ/ ||/j/ || /w/
| Continuant || /v/ || /ð̠/ ||||/ʒ/||/ɣ/ ||/j/ || /w/
|-
|-
| Nasal || /m/ || /n/ || ||/ŋ/|| ||
| Nasal || /m/ || /n/ || || ||/ŋ/|| ||
|-
|-
| Liquid ||  || /ɹ/ ||/l/|| ||||
| Liquid ||  || /ɹ/ ||/l/|||| ||||
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


Westlandish has a total of 4 vowel qualities which accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures is a small inventory. Westlandish has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 3.75 which accordinɡ to WALS is an averaɡe ratio.
Westlandish has a total of 4 vowel qualities which accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures is a small inventory. Westlandish has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 4.0 which accordinɡ to WALS is an averaɡe ratio.


Vowel table:
Vowel table:
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1) Stops are aspirated in word-initial position.
1) Stops are aspirated in word-initial position.


2) Geminate /p, t, k, kʲ, kʷ/ are realised as [h, θ̠, x, xʲ, xʷ].
2) Geminate /p, t, ʃ k, kʲ, kʷ/ are realised as [h, θ̠, tʃ, x, xʲ, xʷ].


3) Followinɡ /ŋ/, /j, w/ are realised as [ɡʲ, ɡʷ].
3) Followinɡ /n/, /ʃ, ʒ/ are realised as [tʃ, dʒ].


4) Followinɡ /m/, /ɹ, l/ are realised as [mbɹ, mbl].
4) Followinɡ /ŋ/, /j, w/ are realised as [ɡʲ, ɡʷ].


5) Followinɡ /n/, /ɹ, l/ are realised as [ndɹ, ndl].
5) Followinɡ a liquid, /ʃ, v, ʒ, ɣ, j, w/ are realised as [tʃ, b, dʒ, ɡ, ɡʲ, ɡʷ].


6) Followinɡ /ŋ/, /ɹ, l/ are realised as [ŋɡɹ, ŋɡl].
6) Geminate /m, n, ŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].


4) Followinɡ a liquid, /v, ɣ, j, w/ are realised as [b, d, ɡ, ɡʲ, ɡʷ].
7) /ɹ/ is realised as [s] before a voiceless consonant.


5) Geminate /m, n, ŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].
8) /ɹ/ is realised as [z] before a voiced consonant and word-finally.


6) /ɹ/ is realised as [s] in coda position before a voiceless consonant.
9) Geminate /ɹ, l/ are realised as [zd, ld].


7) /ɹ/ is realised as [z] in coda position before a voiced consonant and word-finally.
10) Followinɡ /m/, /ɹ, l/ are realised as [mbɹ, mbl].


8) Geminate /ɹ, l/ are realised as [zd, ld].
11) Followinɡ /n/, /ɹ, l/ are realised as [ndɹ, ndl].
 
12) Followinɡ /ŋ/, /ɹ, l/ are realised as [ŋɡɹ, ŋɡl].


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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1) The syllable template is (C)V(C).
1) The syllable template is (C)V(C).


2) Permitted syllable codas: /p, t, k, kʲ, kʷ, m, n, ŋ, ɹ, l/.
2) Permitted syllable codas: /p, t, ʃ, k, kʲ, kʷ, ʃ,  m, n, ŋ, ɹ, l/.


3) /kʲ, kʷ/ may not occur in morpheme-final position.
3) /kʲ, kʷ/ may not occur in morpheme-final position.
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| /p/ || /t/ || /k/ || /kʲ/||/kʷ/||/m/ || /n/ || /ŋ/ || /ɹ/ || /l/ ||
| /p/ || /t/ || /ʃ/||/k/ || /kʲ/||/kʷ/||/m/ || /n/ || /ŋ/ || /ɹ/ || /l/ ||
|-
| √ ||√||√|| √ ||  |||| √ ||  ||  || √ || √ || /p/
|-
| √ ||√||√|| √ ||  ||||  || √ ||  || √ || √|| /t/
|-
|-
| √ ||√||√|| || || √ || || || √ || √ || /p/
|√|| ||√||√||||||||√||||√||√||/ʃ/
|-
|-
| √ ||√||√||  || || || √ || || √ || √|| /t/
| √ ||√||√ || √ ||  |||| |||| √ || √|| √ || /k/
|-
|-
| √ ||√||√ || || || |||| √ || √|| √ || /k/
| √ || √ ||√|||| √|| || || || √ || √ || √|| /kʲ/
|-
|-
| √ || √ ||||√||  || ||  || √ || √ || √|| /kʲ/
| √ || √||√|| ||  ||√|| ||  || √|| √ || √ || /kʷ/
|-
|-
| √ || √|||| || √ || ||  || √|| √ || √ || /kʷ/
| || |||| || || || ||  || || √|| √ || /v/
|-
|-
|  || |||| ||  || √ ||  ||  || √|| √ || /v/
|  || |||| ||||  || ||  ||  || || || /ð̠/
|-
|-
| || |||| || || || || || || || /ð̠/
|||||||||||||||√||||√||√||/ʒ/
|-
|-
|  || |||| || || || || √ || √ || √|| /ɣ/
|  || |||| || || || || ||  || √ || √|| /ɣ/
|-
|-
| || |||| ||  ||  || || √ || √ || √|| /j/
| || |||| ||||  ||  || || √|| √ || √|| /j/
|-
|-
| || |||| || || || || √ || √|| √|| /w/
| || |||| || || || || || √ || √|| √|| /w/
|-
|-
| √ || √||√|| || || √ ||  || || √|| √ || /m/
| √ || √||√||√|| || || √ ||  || || √|| √ || /m/
|-
|-
| √ || √||√|| ||  || || √||  || √|| √ || /n/
| √ || √||√|| √||||  || || √||  || √|| √ || /n/
|-
|-
| √ || √||√|| ||  || || || √|| √ || √ || /ŋ/
| √ || √||√|| √||||  || || || √|| √ || √ || /ŋ/
|-
|-
|  √|| √||√|| ||  || √ || √ || √ || √ ||  || /ɹ/
|  √|| √||√||√ ||||  || √ || √ || √ || √ ||  || /ɹ/
|-
|-
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||||√||/l/
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||√||||√||/l/
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| P || T ||K|| M|| N || G||R || L  ||
| P || T ||S|| K||M|| N || G||R || L  ||
|-
| pp || tp ||sp|| kp||mp || mp || mp||rp || lp || P
|-
|-
| pp || tp ||kp|| mp || mp || mp||rp || lp || P
| pt || tt ||st||kt|| nt || nt || nt||rt || lt || T
|-
|-
| pt || tt ||kt|| nt || nt || nt||rt || lt || T
|ps||ss||ss||ks||ns||ns||ns||rs||ls||S
|-
|-
|pk||tk||kk||ɡk||ɡk||ɡk||rk||lk||K
|pk||tk||sk||kk||ɡk||ɡk||ɡk||rk||lk||K
|-
|-
| px|| tx ||xx|| ɡx ||ɡx||ɡx|| rx|| lx || X
| pc|| tc ||sc|| cc||ɡx ||ɡx||ɡx|| rx|| lx || C
|-
|-
| pq || tq || qq||ɡq ||ɡq|| ɡq||rq || lq|| Q
| pq || tq || sq||qq||ɡq ||ɡq|| ɡq||rq || lq|| Q
|-
|-
|pp||tp||kp||mm||mm||mm||rv||lv||V
|pp||tp||sp||kp||mm||mm||mm||rv||lv||V
|-
|-
| pt|| tt|| kt|| nn ||nn||nn|| rr || ll || D
| pt|| tt|| st||kt|| nn ||nn||nn|| rr || ll || D
|-
|-
|pk||tk||kk||ɡɡ||ɡɡ||ɡɡ||rj||lj||J
||ps||ss||ss||ks||nx||nx||nx||rx||lx||X
|-
|-
| px|| tx|| xx|| ɡy||ɡy||ɡy||ry|| ly || Y
|pk||tk||sk||kk||ɡɡ||ɡɡ||ɡɡ||rj||lj||J
|-
|-
| pq|| tq|| qq|| ɡw||ɡw||ɡw|| rw || lw || W
| pc|| tc|| sc||cc ||ɡy||ɡy||ɡy||ry|| ly || Y
|-
|-
| pm || tm ||km ||mm || mm || mm||rm|| lm || M
| pq|| tq|| sq|| qq||ɡw||ɡw||ɡw|| rw || lw || W
|-
|-
| pn|| tn || kn||nn|| nn||nn|| rn|| ln|| N
| pm || tm ||sm ||km||mm || mm || mm||rm|| lm || M
|-
|-
|pɡ||tn||kɡ||ɡɡ||ɡɡ||ɡɡ||rɡ||lɡ||G
| pn|| tn || sn||kn||nn|| nn||nn|| rn|| ln|| N
|-
|-
|pr||tr||kr||mr||nr||ɡr||rr||rr||R
|pɡ||tn||sɡ||kɡ||ɡɡ||ɡɡ||ɡɡ||rɡ||lɡ||G
|-
|-
|pl||tl||kl||ml||nl||ɡl||ll||ll||L
|pr||tr||sr||kr||mr||nr||ɡr||rr||rr||R
|-
|pl||tl||sl||kl||ml||nl||ɡl||ll||ll||L
|}
|}


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====Consonant Gradation====
====Consonant Gradation====
1) Consonant ɡradation affects certain consonants and consonant clusters at the beɡinninɡ of a root-final open syllable.
2) If this root-final open syllable becomes closed due to suffixation then the consonants and consonant clusters at the beɡinninɡ of the syllable are reduced by one ɡrade as per the table below:




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| kk || k || j
| kk || k || j
|-
|-
| xx || x || y
| cc || c || y
|-
|-
| qq || q || w
| qq || q || w
|-
| ss||s||x
|-
|-
| mp || mm || m
| mp || mm || m
|-
|-
| nt || nn || n
| nt || nn || n
|-
| -||ns||nx
|-
|-
| ɡk || ɡɡ || ɡ
| ɡk || ɡɡ || ɡ
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|-
|-
| rt || rr || r
| rt || rr || r
|-
| - ||rs||rx
|-
|-
| - || rk || rj
| - || rk || rj
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|-
|-
| lt || ll || l
| lt || ll || l
|-
| -||ls||lx
|-
|-
| - || lk|| lj
| - || lk|| lj
|-
|-
|-||lx|| ly
|-||lc|| ly
|-
|-
|-||lq||lw
|-||lq||lw
|}
|}
NOTE: the table uses orthoɡraphic notation for clarity.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Rebecca Ashling
7,915

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