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Wistanian: Difference between revisions
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| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:2em;" | '''Wistanian'''<br />[[File:Anigalilaun.png|350px]]<br />[əˈniɡəˌlilɑn] | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:2em;" | '''Wistanian'''<br />[[File:Anigalilaun.png|350px]]<br />[əˈniɡəˌlilɑn] | ||
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'''Wistanian''' (IPA: /wɪsˈteɪni.ən/), natively known as | '''Wistanian''' (IPA: /wɪsˈteɪni.ən/), natively known as '''anigalilaun''' (IPA: /əˈniɡəˌlilɑn/), is the first [[w: Constructed_language|constructed language]] (conlang) by world-builder, writer, and professional amateur Paul A. Daly, written in 2017 and 2018. The language was created for a novel series. The first novel is near completion, but will likely remain unpublished until the author finishes his education. | ||
The language is spoken on the fictional planet Vale, on a large yet isolated island called Wistania. The language belongs to the Talivian sub-family, which evolved steadily throughout the Taliv's existence. After having been settled on by the Taliv for several hundred years, the island became the new home for the Bwolotil people, who had fled to the island to hide a large collection of magical and extremely dangerous ajmastones. The Bwolitil were originally apathetic toward the Taliv until they discovered that the Taliv held one such ajmastone as a central symbol of their culture. The Bwolotil, therefore, engaged in war with the Taliv to apprehend their ajmastone. Three separate people groups also inhabited the island during this war, one of which was the Nati people who allied with the Taliv to win the war. This alliance led to the formation of the Taliv-Nati [[w: Pidgin|pidgin]], which was later named ''anigalilaun'', meaning "the language of peace". During the events of the novel series (about 300 years after the end of the war) Wistanian is the majority language of the island. The language also has a number of influences from the Katapu (sister peoples to the Nati and known for their religious traditionalism), the Uzin (a people distantly related to the Bwolotil who settled the island shortly after the beginning of the war), and the Bwolotil. | The language is spoken on the fictional planet Vale, on a large yet isolated island called Wistania. The language belongs to the Talivian sub-family, which evolved steadily throughout the Taliv's existence. After having been settled on by the Taliv for several hundred years, the island became the new home for the Bwolotil people, who had fled to the island to hide a large collection of magical and extremely dangerous ajmastones. The Bwolitil were originally apathetic toward the Taliv until they discovered that the Taliv held one such ajmastone as a central symbol of their culture. The Bwolotil, therefore, engaged in war with the Taliv to apprehend their ajmastone. Three separate people groups also inhabited the island during this war, one of which was the Nati people who allied with the Taliv to win the war. This alliance led to the formation of the Taliv-Nati [[w: Pidgin|pidgin]], which was later named ''anigalilaun'', meaning "the language of peace". During the events of the novel series (about 300 years after the end of the war) Wistanian is the majority language of the island. The language also has a number of influences from the Katapu (sister peoples to the Nati and known for their religious traditionalism), the Uzin (a people distantly related to the Bwolotil who settled the island shortly after the beginning of the war), and the Bwolotil. | ||
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# ɦ > ɣ / #_, [stress]_ | # ɦ > ɣ / #_, [stress]_ | ||
# /w/ is spoken in emphasized or slow speech, while /βʷ/ is spoken in quick speech. Whenever immediately following a consonant, this is always pronounced as /w/. In the Western Dialect, it is always pronounced as /w/. | # /w/ is spoken in emphasized or slow speech, while /βʷ/ is spoken in quick speech. Whenever immediately following a consonant, this is always pronounced as /w/. In the Western Dialect, it is always pronounced as /w/. | ||
# /r/ is spoken in emphasized or slow speech, while /ɾ/ is spoken in quick speech. In some words, the trilled is preferred even in quick speech; for example, | # /r/ is spoken in emphasized or slow speech, while /ɾ/ is spoken in quick speech. In some words, the trilled is preferred even in quick speech; for example, '''ggarauni''' (large) is almost always pronounced [kəˈrɑni]. | ||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
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====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Stress usually falls on the first non-lax vowel (/ai̯/, /i/, /e/, /a/, /ɯ/, or /ɑ/). But there are many exceptions, especially where the vowels /i/ and /a/ come into place since you must know whether or not those sounds are the stressed /i/ or /a/ or the lax [ɪ] or [ə]. A prime example is between the words | Stress usually falls on the first non-lax vowel (/ai̯/, /i/, /e/, /a/, /ɯ/, or /ɑ/). But there are many exceptions, especially where the vowels /i/ and /a/ come into place since you must know whether or not those sounds are the stressed /i/ or /a/ or the lax [ɪ] or [ə]. A prime example is between the words '''viman''' and '''viman''', which are spelled identically. When stress is on the /i/ as in [ˈvimən], the word means “sugar”, but when stress is on the /a/ as in [vɪˈman], the word means “sky.” /ai̯/ and /e/ are always stressed. /ɯ/ is always stressed unless it's word-initial (in which case it will usually shift to [ʊ]). /ɑ/ is usually stressed unless non-lax /a/ or /i/ are present. Secondary stress is also lexical, but rare. Many particles and common monosyllabic words are not stressed unless the feature the /e/ or /ai̯/ vowels. (E.g.,'''va''' is normally [və], and '''zi''' is normally [zɪ]; but '''aa''' is normally [ˈe].) | ||
Stress is realized through vowel lengthening and sometimes a higher intonation. | Stress is realized through vowel lengthening and sometimes a higher intonation. | ||
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====Polar==== | ====Polar==== | ||
Typically, Yes/No questions will consist of a statement followed by | Typically, Yes/No questions will consist of a statement followed by '''zau'''/'''baun''' (Yes/No). | ||
'''magin va raul, zau a?''' | '''magin va raul, zau a?''' | ||
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'''TELIC''' '''ATELIC''' | '''TELIC''' '''ATELIC''' | ||
For example, the verb | For example, the verb '''bima''' means to "fall" in the telic, "precipitate" in the atelic, "descend" in the durative, and "to be fallen (i.e., lying on the ground after a fall)" in the stative. '''bima''' still expresses the same basic meaning — "the subject goes downward" — but its implications change based on its conjugations. This is also true of the verb '''ja''', which means "like" in the stative, "fall in love" in the durative, "achieve or accomplish" in the telic, and "want" in the atelic. Again, the basic meaning remains — "the subject has a desire" — but the differing conjugations further explain what ''kind'' of desire is being had: an unchanging desire (stative), a growing desire (durative), a satisfied desire (telic), or an unsatisfied desire (atelic). | ||
These aspects also imply certain grammatical features. Indeed, these aspects originally did refer to grammatical aspects a thousand years within Wistanian's history. The stative was once the [[w: Gnomic_aspect|gnomic aspect]], the durative was once the [[w: Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|continuous aspect]], and the telic and atelic were once the [[w: Perfective_aspect|perfective]] and [[w: Imperfective_aspect|imperfective aspects]], respectively. This shift was slow, however, but it picked up mightily during the pidginization with the Nati, since lexical aspect could allow them to communicate using fewer verb roots, so words such to "to put on" were replaced with the durative conjugation for the stative "to wear". | These aspects also imply certain grammatical features. Indeed, these aspects originally did refer to grammatical aspects a thousand years within Wistanian's history. The stative was once the [[w: Gnomic_aspect|gnomic aspect]], the durative was once the [[w: Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|continuous aspect]], and the telic and atelic were once the [[w: Perfective_aspect|perfective]] and [[w: Imperfective_aspect|imperfective aspects]], respectively. This shift was slow, however, but it picked up mightily during the pidginization with the Nati, since lexical aspect could allow them to communicate using fewer verb roots, so words such to "to put on" were replaced with the durative conjugation for the stative "to wear". | ||
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====Negation==== | ====Negation==== | ||
Nouns, verbs, and modifiers can be [[w: Affirmation_and_negation|negated]] using the prefix | Nouns, verbs, and modifiers can be [[w: Affirmation_and_negation|negated]] using the prefix '''bau(n)-'''. | ||
'''baudaiziya yau.''' | '''baudaiziya yau.''' | ||
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Wistanian coordinating particles come in four types: normal coordination, weak coordination, contrastive coordination, and alternative coordination. | Wistanian coordinating particles come in four types: normal coordination, weak coordination, contrastive coordination, and alternative coordination. | ||
Normal coordination (<code>CO</code>) is similar to the English "and". However, each item in the list is proceeded by the word | Normal coordination (<code>CO</code>) is similar to the English "and". However, each item in the list is proceeded by the word '''ya'''. | ||
'''dajyi ya dari ya lari.''' | '''dajyi ya dari ya lari.''' | ||
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"Birds fly, but fish do not fly." | "Birds fly, but fish do not fly." | ||
Alternative coordination (<code>ALTCO</code>) denotes a choice or alternative among a group of items in a list, equivalent to the English "or", and denoted with the word | Alternative coordination (<code>ALTCO</code>) denotes a choice or alternative among a group of items in a list, equivalent to the English "or", and denoted with the word '''i'''. Like the normal coordinating particle '''ya''', this particle is featured before each item in a list. | ||
'''ja lu aa i garauvi i diyan a.''' | '''ja lu aa i garauvi i diyan a.''' | ||
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Familial honorifics are used among close family members. These honorifics will change depending on culture and sometimes family. Children, in particular, have unique honorifics given by their parents, like a nickname. For example, a boy named Maudu could be given the honorific | Familial honorifics are used among close family members. These honorifics will change depending on culture and sometimes family. Children, in particular, have unique honorifics given by their parents, like a nickname. For example, a boy named Maudu could be given the honorific '''ravu''' (fast), and only his parents, aunts/uncles by blood, and grandparents can call him "Maudu Ravu". While his sister Zamara could be Zamara Viyaz (kind) to her parents. | ||
The most common Familial Honorifics are included under Kinship Terms below. | The most common Familial Honorifics are included under Kinship Terms below. | ||
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===Kinship=== | ===Kinship=== | ||
Wistanian kinship is a modified version of the [[w: Hawaiian_kinship|Hawaiian system]] common in most Malayo-Polynesian languages. In this system, siblings and first cousins share terms with only a gender and age distinction. Mothers are usually given a term of endearment by their children (usually | Wistanian kinship is a modified version of the [[w: Hawaiian_kinship|Hawaiian system]] common in most Malayo-Polynesian languages. In this system, siblings and first cousins share terms with only a gender and age distinction. Mothers are usually given a term of endearment by their children (usually '''mu'''), but a child's aunts will also be called "mother" and the father and uncles will share terms as well. Most of Wistanian culture is [[w: Ambilineality|ambilineal]] and [[w: Matrifocal_family|matrifocal]], so that children live and associate closest to their mother and her side of the family. For this reason, a child's mother's brother will often be just as much of a father figure as the child's biological father, who may or may not be involved in the family. | ||
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