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==Roots and principal parts==
==Roots and principal parts==


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
 
|-
*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
!colspan=1|
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
 
|-
As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
 
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
===Stems===
|-
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two stems as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog"       || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-'''  || '''mukú'''
 
|-
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue"    || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''
|-
 
|
====Finite verbal stem====
|-
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool"        || '''godw-''' || '''gód''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-'''  || '''gudú'''
 
|-
The finite verbal stem is characterized by vowel clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nók''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
 
|-
It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
 
|-
====Participial stem====
|
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
|-
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
 
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain"  || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].
|-
 
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
====Vocative stem====
|-
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
|
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''
|-
 
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
 
|-
====Ergative form====
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
|-
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''
|
 
|-
The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
 
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-'''   || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
It is used  to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.
|-
 
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
====Oblique stem====
|-
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
|
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''
|-
 
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initiral vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, but between the first to consonants in the case of all other sounds.
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly"  || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
 
|-
The oblique stem is used for the following:
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double"  || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]
|-
 
|
====Adverbial form====
|-
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time"  || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
 
|-
The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl"  || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
 
|-
*as a simple adverb
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
|-
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
|
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement
|-
 
|}
For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].


===Examples===


====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}  
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}  
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|-
|-
|}
|}
Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:
*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.
As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.


Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:
Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:
Line 505: Line 498:
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá
====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-'''  || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog"        || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-'''  || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue"    || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool"        || '''godw-''' || '''gód''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-'''  || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nók''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain"  || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-'''  || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || ""  || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly"  || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double"  || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time"  || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl"  || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}


Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
Line 525: Line 582:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú
====Finite verbal stem====
The finite verbal stem is characterized by vowel clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.
It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].
====Participial stem====
The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].
====Vocative stem====
The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].
====Ergative form====
The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.
It is used  to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.
====Oblique stem====
The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initiral vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, but between the first to consonants in the case of all other sounds.
The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]
====Adverbial form====
The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:
*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement
For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Ioscius
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