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{{construction}}
#REDIRECT [[単亜語]]
 
[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]
 
{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]].  It uses Chinese characters for much of its writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai]]/新字体 standards of Japan.  The Japanese syllabary [[w:Katakana]] is used for all other sounds.  It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.
 
{{Infobox language
|image = Chopstick Flag.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|name = East Asian Language
|nativename = {{PAGENAME}}
|pronunciation = /tonu.a.o/
|region = [[w:East Asia|East Asia]]
|states = [[w:China|China]], [[w:Japan|Japan]], [[w:North_Korea|North Korea]], [[w:South_Korea|South Korea]], [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]
|speakers = 3
|date = 2014
|familycolor = conlang
|iso1 = tao
|iso2 = tao
|iso3 = tao
|script        = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and [[w:Katakana|Katakana]]
|notice = IPA
|creator = *[[User:aquatiki|武明帥]]
*[[User:deslee|済百長本]]
*[[User:sawatarikenji|沢渡けんじ]]
}}
 
== Phonology ==
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 11 consonants.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''
|-
! colspan="7"|Consonants
|-
!
!  Labial
!  Dental
!  Alveolar
!  Palatal
!  Velar
!  Glottal
|- align="center"
!Nasals
|'''m''' <small>/m/</small>
|
|'''n ''' <small>/n/</small>
|
|
|
|-
! Plosives
|'''p''' <small>/p/</small>
|'''t''' <small>/t/</small>
| colspan="2" | '''j''' <small>/ts ~ tɕ ~ c/</small>
|'''k''' <small>/k/</small>
|
|-
!Fricatives
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''s''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
| colspan="3" |'''h''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small>
|-
! Liquids
|
|
|'''l''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
|
|
|
|-
! Approximants
| '''w''' <small>/w/</small>
|
|
| '''y''' <small>/j/</small>
|
|
|}
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Vowels'''
|-
! colspan="4"|Vowels
|-
!
!  Front
!  Central
!  Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small>
|
| '''u''' <small>/u ~ ɯ/</small>
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' <small>/e ~ e̞/</small>
|
| '''o''' <small>/o ~ o̞/</small>
|-
! Low
| colspan="3" | '''a''' <small>/a ~ ä/</small>
|}
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others.  Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!
 
un
pun
tun
jun
kun
mun
nun
sun
hun
lun
yun
 
=== Phonotactics ===
The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn.  There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Simple Syllables
|-
! ø
| ア <br /> '''a''' <br /> <small>/a/</small>
| エ <br /> '''e''' <br /> <small>/e ~ je ~ ə/</small>
| イ <br /> '''i''' <br /> <small>/i ~ ji/</small>
| オ <br /> '''o''' <br /> <small>/o ~ wo/</small>
| ウ <br /> '''u''' <br /> <small>/u ~ wu/</small>
|-
! p
| パ <br /> '''pa''' || ペ <br /> '''pe''' || ピ <br /> '''pi''' || ポ <br /> '''po''' || プ <br /> '''pu'''
|-
! t
| タ <br /> '''ta''' || テ <br /> '''te''' || チ <br /> '''ti''' || ト <br /> '''to''' || ツ <br /> '''tu'''
|-
! j
|  チャ <br /> '''ja''' || チェ <br /> '''je''' || チィ <br /> '''ji''' || チョ <br /> '''jo''' || チュ <br /> '''ju'''
|-
! k
| カ <br /> '''ka''' || ケ <br /> '''ke''' || キ <br /> '''ki''' || コ <br /> '''ko''' || ク <br /> '''ku'''
|-
! m
| マ <br /> '''ma''' || メ <br /> '''me''' || ミ <br /> '''mi''' || モ <br /> '''mo''' || ム <br /> '''mu'''
|-
! n
| ナ <br /> '''na''' || ネ <br /> '''ne''' || ニ <br /> '''ni''' || ノ <br /> '''no''' || ヌ <br /> '''nu'''
|-
! s
| サ <br /> '''sa''' || セ <br /> '''se''' || シ <br /> '''si''' <br /> <small>/si ~ ɕi/</small> || ソ <br /> '''so''' || ス <br /> '''su'''
|-
! h
| ハ <br /> '''ha''' || ヘ <br /> '''he''' || ヒ <br /> '''hi''' || ホ <br /> '''ho''' || フ <br /> '''hu'''
|-
! l
| ラ <br /> '''la''' || レ <br /> '''le''' || リ <br /> '''li''' || ロ <br /> '''lo''' || ル <br /> '''lu'''
|-
! w
| ワ <br /> '''wa''' <br /> <small>/wa ~ ʋa ~ va/</small>
| ヱ <br /> '''we''' <br /> <small>/we ~ wej/</small>
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| ヤ <br /> '''ya'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ヨ <br /> '''yo''' <br /> <small>/jo ~ joʊ̯/</small>
| ユ <br /> '''yu'''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 210px; text-align: center; float:left; "
|-
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)
|-
!
! a
! e
! i
! o
! u
|-
! ø
| 아
| 에
| 이
| 오
| 우
|-
! p
| 바 || 베 || 비 || 보 || 부
|-
! t
| 다 || 데 || 디 || 도 || 두
|-
! j
| 자 || 제 || 지 || 조 || 주
|-
! k
| 가 || 게 || 기|| 고|| 구
|-
! m
| 마 || 메 || 미 || 모 || 무
|-
! n
| 나 || 네 || 니 || 노 || 누
|-
! s
| 사 || 세 || 시 || 소 || 수
|-
! h
| 하 || 헤|| 히 || 호 || 후
|-
! l
| 라 || 레 || 리 || 로 || 루
|-
! w
| 와
| 웨
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| 야
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 요
| 유
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Complex Syllables
|-
!
! an
! en
! in
! un
! ya
|-
! ø
| アン <br /> '''an'''
| エン <br /> '''en'''
| イン <br /> '''in'''
| ウン <br /> '''un'''
|
|-
! p
| パン <br /> '''pan'''
| ペン <br /> '''pen'''
| ピン <br /> '''pin'''
| プン <br /> '''pun'''
| ピャ <br /> '''pya'''
|-
! t
| タン <br /> '''tan'''
| テン <br /> '''ten'''
| チン <br /> '''tin'''
| ツン <br /> '''tun'''
|
|-
! j
| チャン <br /> '''jan'''
| チェン <br /> '''jen'''
| チィン <br /> '''jin'''
| チュン <br /> '''jun'''
|
|-
! k
| カン <br /> '''kan'''
| ケン <br /> '''ken'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| クン <br /> '''kun'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! m
| マン <br /> '''man'''
| メン <br /> '''men'''
| ミン <br /> '''min'''
| ムン <br /> '''mun'''
| ミャ <br /> '''mya'''
|-
! n
| ナン <br /> '''nan'''
| ネン <br /> '''nen'''
| ニン <br /> '''nin'''
| ヌン <br /> '''nun'''
| ニャ <br /> '''nya'''
|-
! s
| サン <br /> '''san'''
| セン <br /> '''sen''' <br /> <small>/sen ~ ɕen/</small>
| シン <br /> '''sin'''
| スン <br /> '''sun'''
| シャ <br /> '''sya''' <br /> <small>/sja ~ ɕa/</small>
|-
! h
| ハン <br /> '''han'''
| ヘン <br /> '''hen'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| フン <br /> '''hun'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! l
| ラン <br /> '''lan'''
| レン <br /> '''len'''
| リン <br /> '''lin'''
| ルン <br /> '''lun'''
| リャ <br /> '''lya'''
|-
! w
| ワン <br /> '''wan'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| ヤン <br /> '''yan'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ユン <br /> '''yun'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 168px; text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)
|-
!
! an
! en
! in
! un
! ya
|-
! ø
| 안
| 엔
| 인
| 운
|
|-
! p
| 반
| 벤
| 빈
| 분
| 뱌
|-
! t
| 단
| 덴
| 딘
| 둔
|
|-
! j
| 잔
| 젠
| 진
| 준
|
|-
! k
| 간
| 겐
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 군
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! m
| 만
| 멘
| 민
| 문
| 먀
|-
! n
| 난
| 넨
| 닌
| 눈
| 냐
|-
! s
| 산
| 센
| 신
| 순
| 샤
|-
! h
| 한
| 헨
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 훈
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! l
| 란
| 렌
| 린
| 룬
| 랴
|-
! w
| 완
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| 얀
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 윤
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
The complex syllables of {{PAGENAME}} are clearly much more limited.
 
=== Derivation ===
Middle Chinese (MC) had much more complex syllables than were possible in any of the language influenced by it.  {{PAGENAME}} tries to be equal to CJKV languages by taking an average derivational position.  First, it considers the initial consonant in MC
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ Correspondences of initial consonants
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |  Middle Chinese
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Vietnamese
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean
! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese
! rowspan="2" | Mandarin
! rowspan="2" | Cantonese
! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}}
|-
! Go-on !! Kan-on !! Tōsō-on
|-
! rowspan="4" | Labials
| 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/pʰ || rowspan="2" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h
| p/f || p/f
! rowspan="3" | p
|-
| 滂 pʰ || pʰ
| pʰ/f || pʰ/f
|-
| 並 b || b
| b > b/ph/v
| pʰ/p/f || pʰ/p/f
|-
| 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m
| m/w || m
! m
|-
! rowspan="5" | Dentals
| 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/tʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="3" | t
| t || t
! rowspan="3" | t
|-
| 透 tʰ || tʰ > th
| tʰ || tʰ
|-
| 定 d || d > đ || d
| tʰ/d || tʰ/d
|-
| 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n
| n || n~l
! n
|-
| 來 l || l || l || r || r || r
| l || l
! l
|-
! Retroflex nasal
| 娘 ɳ
| n || n~ø || n  || d ||
| n || n~l
! ny
|-
! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops
| 知 ʈ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="6" | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="17" | s
| tʂ || ts
! rowspan="3" | t
|-
| 徹 ʈʰ || ʂ > s
| tʂʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 澄 ɖ || ɖ > tr || d
| tʂʰ, tʂ || tsʰ, ts
|-
! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants
| 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s
| ts, tɕ || ts
! rowspan="3" | j
|-
| 清 tsʰ || ɕ > th
| tsʰ, tɕʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z
| tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ || tsʰ, ts
|-
| 心 s || rowspan="3" | s || s
| s || s
! rowspan="2" | s
|-
| 邪 z || z
| tsʰ, ts || z, ʑ
|-
| 俟 ʐ
| s || z
| tʂʰ, s || tsʰ, ts
! sy
|-
! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants
| 莊 tʂ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="3" | tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | s
| tʂ, ts || ts
! rowspan="3" | j
|-
| 初 tʂʰ || rowspan="3" | ʂ > s
| tʂʰ, tsʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 崇 dʐ || z
| tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s
|-
| 生 ʂ || s || rowspan="3" | s
| ʂ, s || s
! sy
|-
! rowspan="7" | Palatals
| 章 tɕ || c > ch || rowspan="2" | tɕ/tɕʰ
| tʂ || ts
! rowspan="3" | j
|-
| 昌 tɕʰ || tʃ > x
| tʂʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 禪 dʑ || rowspan="3" | ɕ > th || rowspan="3" | s || z
| tʂʰ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s
|-
| 書 ɕ || s || ʂ || s
! rowspan="2" | sy
|-
| 船 ʑ || z || s ||
| tʂʰ, ʂ || s
|-
| 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z || ɻ, ʔ || j
! ny
|-
| 以 j
| d || ø || j || j ||
| j, w~ʋ || j, w
! y
|-
! rowspan="4" | Velars
| 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k
| k, tɕ || k, kʷ
! rowspan="3" | k
|-
| 溪 kʰ || kʰ > kh
| kʰ, tɕʰ || h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ
|-
| 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g
| kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ || kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ
|-
| 疑 ŋ || ŋ > ng || h || g || g
| ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n || ŋ, ʔ, j
! rowspan="2" | ø
|-
! rowspan="4" | Laryngeals
| 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅
| ʔ, j, w~ʋ || ʔ, j, w
|-
| 曉 h || rowspan="2" | h || rowspan="2" | h || k || rowspan="2" | k
| x, ɕ || h, f, j
! rowspan="2" | h
|-
| 匣 ɦ || ɣ > g/w
| x, ɕ || h, w
|-
| 云 ɦj
| v, h || ø || j || j ||
| j, w~ʋ ||  j, w
! ø
|}
 
== Syntax ==
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb.  There are no particles to mark subject or object.  {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order]].  Like most Asian languages, {{PAGENAME}} has two verbs corresponding to European "is", 乃 ''nai'' and 有 ''yu''.  The first "to be equal to", the second is "to have" or "to exist".  Only 乃 ''nai'' may be dropped, and it usually is.
 
In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent.  The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ ''he'', derived from 兮 ''hei''.  Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence.  The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ウ ''u'', derived from 于 ''yu''.  A genitive relationship is 之 ''ji'' which is not written in katakana most of the time.
 
{| class="bluetable"
! Relationship
! Particle
! Etymology
! English
! Mandarin
! Cantonese
! Japanese
! Korean
! Vietnamese
|-
! Topic
| ヘ ''he''
| 兮 ''hei''
| as for
| -
| -
| は wa
| 은/는 (n)ǔn
| cái
|-
! Vocative
|
| 哉 ''jai''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Dative
| ウ ''u''
| 于 ''yu''
| to
| -
| -
| に ni
| 에게 ege
| đến
|-
! Genitive
|
| 之 ''ji''
| of
| 的 de
| 嘅 ge
| の no
| 의 ǔi
| của
|-
! Instrumental
| イ ''i''
| 以 ''i''
| by
| 用 yòng
| 用 yung<sup>6</sup>
| で de
| 로/으로 ro/ǔro
|
|-
! Locative
| オ ''o''
| 於 ''o''
| in, on, at
| 在 zài
| 喺 hai<sup>2</sup>
| に ni
| 에 e
|
|-
! Comitative
| コ ''ko''
| 共 ''konu''
| together with
|
|
|
| 또
|
|-
! Assoc. Pl.
| ト ''to''
| 等 ''tonu''
| et. al.
| 們 men
| 哋 dei<sup>6</sup>
| たち tachi
| 들 tǔl
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! Perfective
| リ ''li''
| 已 ''i''
| -ed
| 了 le
| 咗 jo<sup>2</sup>
| た/だ ta/da
| 았/었 att/ǒtt
| đã
|-
! Progressive
| ツ ''tu''
| 中 ''tunu''
| -ing
|
|
|
| 아/어 a/ǒ
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! Nominalizer
| シ ''si''
| 事 ''ji''
| -ing
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adnominalizer
| チ ''ti''
| 之 ''ji''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adverbializer
| ヤ ''ya''
| 様 ''yanu''
| -ly
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! NP And
| ヨ ''yo''
| 与 ''o''
| and
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! VP And
| ニ ''ni''
| 而 ''ni''
| and
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Relativizer
| エ ''e''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
===Sentence Final Particles===
 
* フ ''hu'', derived from 乎 ''huo'', forms polar questions at the end of an utterance.
 
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; "
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Casual
! First
| 我 ''a''
| 我ト ''ato''
|-
! Second
| 汝 ''yo''
| 汝ト ''yoto''
|-
! Third
| 彼人 ''pinin''
| 彼人ト ''pininto''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="margin-left:20px; text-align: left; float:left; "
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Polite
! First
| One's given name
| One's given name-ト ''-to''
|-
! Second
| 君 ''kun''
| 君ト ''kunto''
|-
! Third
| One's surname
| One's surname-ト ''-to''
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
=== Classifiers ===
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives ''before'' the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals ''after'' the noun phrase, as ''adverbs''.
{| class="bluetable"
! Classifier
! Use
|-
| 人 ''nin''
| people (general)
|-
| 名 ''menu''
| people (polite)
|-
| 台 ''tai''
| machines (computers, cars, etc)
|-
| 匹 ''pitu''
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)
|-
| 冊 ''jaku''
| books, magazines, etc
|-
| 杯 ''pei''
| cups of some drink
|-
| 枚 ''mei''
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)
|-
| 条 ''teu''
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)
|-
| 間 ''kan''
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)
|-
| 個 ''ka''
| anything else
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
Plants and animals that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is.  This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.
{| class="bluetable"
! Determiner
! Use
! Example
|-
| 蛙 ''wa''
| amphibians
|
|-
| 鳥 ''teu''
| birds
| Japanese Quail (鶉) ウスラ鳥 ''usira-teu''
|
|-
| 魚 ''o''
| fish
| nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 ''nekokiki-o''
|-
| 虫 ''tunu''
| invertebrates
|
|-
| 獣 ''siu''
| mammals
|
|-
| 龍 ''lonu''
| reptiles
| tyrannosaurus チラン龍 ''tiran-lonu''
|-
! colspan="3"|
|-
| 花 ''hua''
| flowers
|
|-
| 草 ''jau''
| grass
|
|-
| 木 ''moku''
| trees, bushes
|
|-
! colspan="3"|
|-
| 服 ''puku''
| clothes
| kimono キモノ服 ''kimono-puku''
|-
| 飯 ''puen''
| meals
| bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 ''pipimupapu-puen''
|}
 
== Lexica ==
* [[Tonuao/Hanji]] - Character list based on the 1800 list of hanja for Koreans and 2136 list of kanji for Japanese
 
== Sample ==
* [[Tonuao/Sample/218_sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax
 
== Links ==
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]
#[http://danayo.referata.com/wiki/Main_Page Sister language 単亜語]
 
== References ==
 
 
<references />
 
[[Category:A posteriori‎]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 01:37, 27 November 2018

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