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Volapűük nulíik: Difference between revisions
→Morphology
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|Exlative || -wé(-)/-wä(-) || Ending of a state | |Exlative || -wé(-)/-wä(-) || Ending of a state | ||
|} | |} | ||
The '''Vocative''' provides two optional endings: a) a zero-ending, differing from the nominative only in this feature that the beginning of the word appears in its lenited form: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Nominative !! Historical vocative !! Modern vocative !! Meaning | |||
|dóom || o đóom! || đóom! || house | |||
|- | |||
|táal || o dáal! || dáal! || earth | |||
|- | |||
|góod || o ghóod! || ghóod! || god / God | |||
|- | |||
|píid || o bíid! || bíid || regret | |||
|} | |||
The particle ''-ö'' was traditionally used to express exclamations, e.g. seelȍ! "Quiet!" < ''seel'' "being quiet", moȍ! "Get out of here!" < ''mo'' "away". This usage has extended towards nouns and names of persons: ''Kal'' ("Charles") > Kalȍ!, ''Floor'' ("flower") > Floorȍ!, etc. | |||
In the Northern dialect this principle has remained to the very day and developped in a manner that adding the suffix showed the person adressed a form of respect. Adressing a "normal" person was gradually done by simply using the nominative form. However, about two hundred years ago the people speaking the northern dialect started to adopt a fashion of using the lenited nominative form as a normal form of adressing. Therefore, the dialect incorporated both forms, having a "normal" vocative form and a "special" vocative form, showing extra respect to the person adressed.: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Vocative !! Usage !! Meaning intended | |||
|o Gal! || Most dialects || normal form of adressing someone | |||
|- | |||
|Kal! || Northern dialect || normal form of adressing someone; other dialects: harsh adressing | |||
|- | |||
|Kalȍ! || Northern dialects || respectful manner of adressing someone | |||
|} | |||
The further development spread the ''-ȍ''-suffix to other dialects and within about 50 years the usage as a marker of respect evolved. Therefore, the language has nowadays two forms of marking the vocative case: a) using the lenited nominative stem b) adding the suffix -ȍ to show more respect to the person adressed. | |||