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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
Added section on pronoun copulas
(Added section on pronoun copulas) |
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| wing || síˈtâ̰ || síˈtà̰ || sìˈtá̰ | | wing || síˈtâ̰ || síˈtà̰ || sìˈtá̰ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| guardian || | | guardian || áinˈsíʔtà || ˈsìʔtá || ˈsíʔtà | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sister || ˈsì̤tà || ˈsì̤tá || ˈsǐ̤tà | | sister || ˈsì̤tà || ˈsì̤tá || ˈsǐ̤tà | ||
| Line 172: | Line 172: | ||
| all + Genitive / Ergative clitic /i/ || áˈlòṳnì || áˈlòṳní || àˈlǒṳnì | | all + Genitive / Ergative clitic /i/ || áˈlòṳnì || áˈlòṳní || àˈlǒṳnì | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Syntax== | |||
Kämpya has topic comment syntax [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language], and is also syntactically ergative [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_ergativity#Syntactic_ergativity] and secundative [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundative_language]. | |||
===Copula=== | |||
====With Pronouns=== | |||
Kämpya only has a verb meaning "to be" if the subject is a pronoun. It is marked for 4 TAM categories (and is the only verb in the language to do so). These are Present Progressive (used for actions that are happening right now), Past Imperfect (also used for present habitual actions, or that are true in general), Perfect, and Future. | |||
This verb is not marked for number, but takes different forms for 1st person subjects depending on whether the listener is included [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivity]. Another way of looking at this is that Kämpya makes no distinction between "us not including you" and "me". | |||
In each case, there is a different form of the word depending on whether they are immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel. There is also an "emphatic" form, which is used to emphasise the subject. The emphatic form does not depend on whether the following word starts with a vowel or not. Each form is listed below, with the normal form listed first, the form before a vowel second, and the emphatic form last: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! 1st Person Exclusive !! 1st Person Inclusive !! 2nd Person | |||
|- | |||
| Present Progressive || áim / ámj- / òṵm || wé / wézw- / wḛ̀ || jó / józw- / jò̰ | |||
|- | |||
| Past Imperfect || áu / ój- / ò̰ji || wéi / wéj- / wèḭ || jéi / jéw- / jèḭ | |||
|- | |||
| Perfect || áb / ábw- / ò̰b || wíb / wíbw- / wḭ̀b || jéb / jébw- / jṵ̀ⱱ | |||
|- | |||
| Future || óu / ál- / òṵ || wú / wúl- / wṵ̀ || jú / júl- / jṵ̀ | |||
|} | |||
As you can see above, the emphatic forms all have Low Tone with Harsh Phonation (i.e. belong to Tone Class 2), while all the other forms have High Tone with no phonation (i.e. modal phonation). | |||
Here are some example sentences: | |||
/jó ˈsíʔtà/ phonetically [jóˈsíʔtà] | |||
2PS.PROG guardian | |||
You are the guardian(s) (right now). | |||
/jéi ˈsíʔtà/ phonetically [jéiˈsíʔtà] | |||
2PS.PST guardian | |||
You are / were the guardian(s). | |||
/jò̰ ˈsíʔtà/ phonetically [jò̰ ˈsíʔtà] | |||
2PS.PROG.EMP guardian | |||
'''You''' are the guardian(s). | |||
/józw ˈḛ̂nèmì/ phonetically [jóˈzwḛ̂nèmì] | |||
2PS.PROG enemy | |||
You're the enemy (right now). | |||
/jò̰ ˈḛ̂nèmì/ phonetically [jò̰ ˈḛ̂nèmì] | |||
2PS.PROG.EMP enemy | |||
'''You''' are the enemy (right now). | |||