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Proto-Dalian: Difference between revisions
→Determiners
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'''Proto-Dalian''' was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the [[Dalic languages]], including [[Andalian]]. | '''Proto-Dalian''' was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the [[Dalic languages]], including [[Andalian]]. Proto-Dalian possessed a writing system, but only few written examples of Proto-Dalian are extant, primarily in stone and bronze, with a few examples of speleography (cave writing). In this article, attested forms are unmarked, while reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*). | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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| ||{{IPA|m}}|| ||{{IPA|n}}|| ||{{IPA|ŋ}} | | ||{{IPA|m}}|| ||{{IPA|n}}|| ||{{IPA|ŋ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan= | !rowspan=3| Stop | ||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
|{{IPA|p}}||{{IPA|b}}||{{IPA|t}}||{{IPA|d}}||{{IPA|k}}||{{IPA|g}} | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Prenasalised</small> | ! <small>Prenasalised</small> | ||
|{{IPA|mp}}||{{IPA|mb}}||{{IPA|nt}}||{{IPA|nd}}||{{IPA|ŋk}}||{{IPA|ŋg}} | |{{IPA|mp}}||{{IPA|mb}}||{{IPA|nt}}||{{IPA|nd}}||{{IPA|ŋk}}||{{IPA|ŋg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> | ! <small>Aspirated</small> | ||
|{{IPA| | |{{IPA|pʰ}}||{{IPA|bʰ}}||{{IPA|tʰ}}||{{IPA|dʰ}}||{{IPA|kʰ}}||{{IPA|gʰ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| Fricative | !colspan=2| Fricative | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction. | '''Vowels''': Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction. | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | ||
|no | |no | ||
|ni | |*ni | ||
|nis | |nis | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | ||
|do | |do | ||
|di | |*di | ||
|dis | |*dis | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | ||
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!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}} | ||
|so | |so | ||
|si | |*si | ||
|sis | |*sis | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | ||
|ro | |*ro | ||
|ri | |*ri | ||
|ris | |*ris | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}} | ||
|sa | |*sa | ||
|san | |*san | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | ||
|ta | |ta | ||
|tan | |*tan | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | ||
|ga | |ga | ||
|gan | |*gan | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | ||
|ra | |*ra | ||
|ran | |ran | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Writing system== | ==Writing system== | ||
{{main|Dalian runes}} | {{main|Dalian runes}} | ||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;" | |||
|+Consonants | |||
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | |||
!colspan=2|Labial | |||
!colspan=2|Alveolar | |||
!colspan=2|Back | |||
|- | |||
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Nasal | |||
| || ᚾ || || ᛁ || || ᛅ | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| Stop | |||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
| ᚫ || ᛚ || ᚠ || ᚴ || ᚻ || ᚺ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Prenasalised</small> | |||
| ᚾᚫ || ᚾᛚ || ᛁᚠ || ᛁᚴ || ᛅᚻ || ᛅᚺ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Aspirated</small> | |||
| ᛚ᛬ || ᛚ᛫ || ᚴ᛬ || ᚴ᛫ || ᚺ᛬ || ᚺ᛫ | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Fricative | |||
| ᚭ || ᚿ || ᚥ || ᚢ || ᛬ || ᛫ | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Liquid | |||
| || || ᛒ ᛣ || ᚹ ᛉ || || | |||
|} | |||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;" | |||
|+Vowels | |||
!a | |||
!aː | |||
!e | |||
!eː | |||
!i | |||
!iː | |||
!o | |||
!oː | |||
!u | |||
!uː | |||
|- | |||
|ᛖ | |||
|ᛗ | |||
|ᛋ | |||
|ᛋᛌ | |||
|ᛇ | |||
|ᛇᛌ | |||
|ᛕ | |||
|ᛕᛌ | |||
|ᚷ | |||
|ᚸ | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||