Proto-Dalian: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
|||
(11 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
|ethnicity = [[Verse:Dalic peoples|Dalic peoples]] | |ethnicity = [[Verse:Dalic peoples|Dalic peoples]] | ||
Line 15: | Line 14: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Proto-Dalian''' | '''Proto-Dalian''' was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the [[Dalic languages]], including [[Andalian]]. Proto-Dalian possessed a writing system, but only few written examples of Proto-Dalian are extant, primarily in stone and bronze, with a few examples of speleography (cave writing). In this article, attested forms are unmarked, while reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*). | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
=== | ===Phonemes=== | ||
== | {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;" | ||
=== | |+Consonants | ||
=== | |style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | ||
!colspan=2|Labial | |||
!colspan=2|Alveolar | |||
!colspan=2|Back | |||
|- | |||
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Nasal | |||
| ||{{IPA|m}}|| ||{{IPA|n}}|| ||{{IPA|ŋ}} | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| Stop | |||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
|{{IPA|p}}||{{IPA|b}}||{{IPA|t}}||{{IPA|d}}||{{IPA|k}}||{{IPA|g}} | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Prenasalised</small> | |||
|{{IPA|mp}}||{{IPA|mb}}||{{IPA|nt}}||{{IPA|nd}}||{{IPA|ŋk}}||{{IPA|ŋg}} | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Aspirated</small> | |||
|{{IPA|pʰ}}||{{IPA|bʰ}}||{{IPA|tʰ}}||{{IPA|dʰ}}||{{IPA|kʰ}}||{{IPA|gʰ}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Fricative | |||
|{{IPA|f}}||{{IPA|v}}||{{IPA|s}}||{{IPA|z}}||{{IPA|h₁}}||{{IPA|h₂}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Liquid | |||
| || ||{{IPA|ɬ r̥}}||{{IPA|l r}}|| || | |||
|} | |||
'''Vowels''': Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Line 50: | Line 82: | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | ||
|no | |no | ||
|ni | |*ni | ||
|nis | |nis | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | ||
|do | |do | ||
|di | |*di | ||
|dis | |*dis | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | ||
Line 65: | Line 97: | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}} | ||
|so | |so | ||
|si | |*si | ||
|sis | |*sis | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | ||
| | |*ro | ||
| | |*ri | ||
| | |*ris | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Line 82: | Line 114: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}} | ||
|sa | |*sa | ||
|san | |*san | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | ||
|ta | |ta | ||
|tan | |*tan | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | ||
|ga | |ga | ||
|gan | |*gan | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | ||
Line 102: | Line 134: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | ||
| | |*ra | ||
| | |ran | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Line 115: | Line 147: | ||
==Writing system== | ==Writing system== | ||
{{main|Dalian runes}} | {{main|Dalian runes}} | ||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;" | |||
|+Consonants | |||
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | |||
!colspan=2|Labial | |||
!colspan=2|Alveolar | |||
!colspan=2|Back | |||
|- | |||
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2| | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>-v</small> | |||
!width=40px|<small>+v</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Nasal | |||
| || ᚾ || || ᛁ || || ᛅ | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| Stop | |||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
| ᚫ || ᛚ || ᚠ || ᚴ || ᚻ || ᚺ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Prenasalised</small> | |||
| ᚾᚫ || ᚾᛚ || ᛁᚠ || ᛁᚴ || ᛅᚻ || ᛅᚺ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Aspirated</small> | |||
| ᛚ᛬ || ᛚ᛫ || ᚴ᛬ || ᚴ᛫ || ᚺ᛬ || ᚺ᛫ | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Fricative | |||
| ᚭ || ᚿ || ᚥ || ᚢ || ᛬ || ᛫ | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Liquid | |||
| || || ᛒ ᛣ || ᚹ ᛉ || || | |||
|} | |||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;" | |||
|+Vowels | |||
!a | |||
!aː | |||
!e | |||
!eː | |||
!i | |||
!iː | |||
!o | |||
!oː | |||
!u | |||
!uː | |||
|- | |||
|ᛖ | |||
|ᛗ | |||
|ᛋ | |||
|ᛋᛌ | |||
|ᛇ | |||
|ᛇᛌ | |||
|ᛕ | |||
|ᛕᛌ | |||
|ᚷ | |||
|ᚸ | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== |
Latest revision as of 06:07, 1 June 2019
Proto-Dalian | |
---|---|
Created by | – |
Ethnicity | Dalic peoples |
Era | 5,000 – 3,000 years ago |
Dalic
|
Proto-Dalian was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the Dalic languages, including Andalian. Proto-Dalian possessed a writing system, but only few written examples of Proto-Dalian are extant, primarily in stone and bronze, with a few examples of speleography (cave writing). In this article, attested forms are unmarked, while reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*).
History
Phonology
Phonemes
Labial | Alveolar | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-v | +v | -v | +v | -v | +v | ||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Stop | Plain | p | b | t | d | k | g |
Prenasalised | mp | mb | nt | nd | ŋk | ŋg | |
Aspirated | pʰ | bʰ | tʰ | dʰ | kʰ | gʰ | |
Fricative | f | v | s | z | h₁ | h₂ | |
Liquid | ɬ r̥ | l r |
Vowels: Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction.
Syntax
Phrasal marker and clitics
Phrase structure
Morphology
Nouns
Pronouns
Determiners
Proto-Dalian has a definite article which precedes the noun:
Animate | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
nom | to | ti | tis |
acc | no | *ni | nis |
dat / all | do | *di | *dis |
gen / abl | o | i | is |
loc / ptv | so | *si | *sis |
ins | *ro | *ri | *ris |
Inanimate | Generic | Singulative |
---|---|---|
nom | *sa | *san |
acc | ta | *tan |
dat / all | ga | *gan |
gen / abl | va | van |
loc / ptv | na | nan |
ins | *ra | ran |
Proto-Dalian does not have an indefinite article.
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Writing system
Main article: Dalian runes
Labial | Alveolar | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-v | +v | -v | +v | -v | +v | ||
Nasal | ᚾ | ᛁ | ᛅ | ||||
Stop | Plain | ᚫ | ᛚ | ᚠ | ᚴ | ᚻ | ᚺ |
Prenasalised | ᚾᚫ | ᚾᛚ | ᛁᚠ | ᛁᚴ | ᛅᚻ | ᛅᚺ | |
Aspirated | ᛚ᛬ | ᛚ᛫ | ᚴ᛬ | ᚴ᛫ | ᚺ᛬ | ᚺ᛫ | |
Fricative | ᚭ | ᚿ | ᚥ | ᚢ | ᛬ | ᛫ | |
Liquid | ᛒ ᛣ | ᚹ ᛉ |
a | aː | e | eː | i | iː | o | oː | u | uː |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ᛖ | ᛗ | ᛋ | ᛋᛌ | ᛇ | ᛇᛌ | ᛕ | ᛕᛌ | ᚷ | ᚸ |