Proto-Dalian: Difference between revisions
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}} | }} | ||
'''Proto-Dalian''' was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the [[Dalic languages]], including [[Andalian]]. | '''Proto-Dalian''' was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the [[Dalic languages]], including [[Andalian]]. Proto-Dalian possessed a writing system, but only few written examples of Proto-Dalian are extant, primarily in stone and bronze, with a few examples of speleography (cave writing). In this article, attested forms are unmarked, while reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*). | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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'''Vowels''': Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction. | '''Vowels''': Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction. | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | ||
|no | |no | ||
|ni | |*ni | ||
|nis | |nis | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | ||
|do | |do | ||
|di | |*di | ||
|dis | |*dis | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | ||
| Line 100: | Line 97: | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}} | ||
|so | |so | ||
|si | |*si | ||
|sis | |*sis | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | ||
|ro | |*ro | ||
|ri | |*ri | ||
|ris | |*ris | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}} | ||
|sa | |*sa | ||
|san | |*san | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}} | ||
|ta | |ta | ||
|tan | |*tan | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}} | ||
|ga | |ga | ||
|gan | |*gan | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | !style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}} | ||
|ra | |*ra | ||
|ran | |ran | ||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 06:07, 1 June 2019
| Proto-Dalian | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
| Ethnicity | Dalic peoples |
| Era | 5,000 – 3,000 years ago |
Dalic
| |
Proto-Dalian was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the Dalic languages, including Andalian. Proto-Dalian possessed a writing system, but only few written examples of Proto-Dalian are extant, primarily in stone and bronze, with a few examples of speleography (cave writing). In this article, attested forms are unmarked, while reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*).
History
Phonology
Phonemes
| Labial | Alveolar | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -v | +v | -v | +v | -v | +v | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | Plain | p | b | t | d | k | g |
| Prenasalised | mp | mb | nt | nd | ŋk | ŋg | |
| Aspirated | pʰ | bʰ | tʰ | dʰ | kʰ | gʰ | |
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | h₁ | h₂ | |
| Liquid | ɬ r̥ | l r | |||||
Vowels: Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction.
Syntax
Phrasal marker and clitics
Phrase structure
Morphology
Nouns
Pronouns
Determiners
Proto-Dalian has a definite article which precedes the noun:
| Animate | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| nom | to | ti | tis |
| acc | no | *ni | nis |
| dat / all | do | *di | *dis |
| gen / abl | o | i | is |
| loc / ptv | so | *si | *sis |
| ins | *ro | *ri | *ris |
| Inanimate | Generic | Singulative |
|---|---|---|
| nom | *sa | *san |
| acc | ta | *tan |
| dat / all | ga | *gan |
| gen / abl | va | van |
| loc / ptv | na | nan |
| ins | *ra | ran |
Proto-Dalian does not have an indefinite article.
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Writing system
Main article: Dalian runes
| Labial | Alveolar | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -v | +v | -v | +v | -v | +v | ||
| Nasal | ᚾ | ᛁ | ᛅ | ||||
| Stop | Plain | ᚫ | ᛚ | ᚠ | ᚴ | ᚻ | ᚺ |
| Prenasalised | ᚾᚫ | ᚾᛚ | ᛁᚠ | ᛁᚴ | ᛅᚻ | ᛅᚺ | |
| Aspirated | ᛚ᛬ | ᛚ᛫ | ᚴ᛬ | ᚴ᛫ | ᚺ᛬ | ᚺ᛫ | |
| Fricative | ᚭ | ᚿ | ᚥ | ᚢ | ᛬ | ᛫ | |
| Liquid | ᛒ ᛣ | ᚹ ᛉ | |||||
| a | aː | e | eː | i | iː | o | oː | u | uː |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ᛖ | ᛗ | ᛋ | ᛋᛌ | ᛇ | ᛇᛌ | ᛕ | ᛕᛌ | ᚷ | ᚸ |