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Loshi: Difference between revisions
→Allophony
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===Typology=== | ===Typology=== | ||
Loshi is a primarily agglutinative language with some synthetic tendencies. Nouns decline for 11 cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Possessive, Instrumental), 3 numbers (Singular, Dual, and Plural), and can be either animate or inanimate. Animacy is primarily semantically based, however the semantic reasoning is not always intuitive to L2 speakers. ( | Loshi is a primarily agglutinative language with some synthetic tendencies. Nouns decline for 11 cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Possessive, Instrumental), 3 numbers (Singular, Dual, and Plural), and can be either animate or inanimate. Animacy is primarily semantically based, however the semantic reasoning is not always intuitive to L2 speakers. (''okán'' "egg" is animate, but ''níoki'' "claw" is inanimate), and it can be used to distinguish meaning: ''äk'' can mean either "human, person, individual", or "body, corpse, cadaver" depending on whether it is declined as animate or inanimate. Verbs decline for aspect, mood, person, number, and animacy. Morphologically verbs behave in a very agglutinative fashion, with each category pairing with a single morpheme. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Loshi uses a variant of the Latin Alphabet, and | Loshi uses a variant of the Latin Alphabet, standardized with inspirations from German and Hungarian. | ||
====Alphabet==== | ====Alphabet==== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Letter !! Name | ! Letter !! Name !! IPA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| a || Ani | | a || Ani || [ɐ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | á || Á || [ɑː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | b || Bani || [pˀ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | g || Gani || [kˀ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | d || Däni || [tˀ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | e || Eni || [e] | ||
|- | |||
| é || É || [ɛː] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | i || Ini || [i] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | í || Í || [iː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | k || Kani || [k] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | l || Laz || [ɫ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | n || Ná || [n] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | m ||Má || [m] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | o || Oni || [ɔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | p || Pá || [p] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | s || Sani || [s] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | t || Tá || [t] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | u || U || [uː] | ||
|- | |||
| z ||Zani || [ʃ] | |||
|- | |||
| ä || Äni || [ɛ] | |||
|- | |||
| ë || Ëni || [ɛ] | |||
|} | |} | ||
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1. /n/ is realized as [ŋ] before /k/ or /x/ and [ŋˀ] before /kˀ/, but [ŋ] before [ɣ]. | 1. /n/ is realized as [ŋ] before /k/ or /x/ and [ŋˀ] before /kˀ/, but [ŋ] before [ɣ]. | ||
*: ''kunkuz'' [ | *: '''kunkuz''' /kunkuʃ/ = [kuŋkuʃ] | ||
*: ''ztunk'' [ | *: '''ztunk''' /ʃtunx/ = [ʃtuŋx] | ||
*: ''bangod'' [pˀɐŋˀkˀɔð] | *: '''bangod''' /pˀankˀɔd/ = [pˀɐŋˀkˀɔð] | ||
*: ''ljäsáng'' [ʎɛˈsɑːŋɣ] | *: '''ljäsáng''' /ʎɛˈsɑːnkˀ/ = [ʎɛˈsɑːŋɣ] | ||
2. /n/ is realized as [m] before [ɔ uː p ɸ] and as [ɲ] before [i iː]. | 2. /n/ is realized as [m] before [ɔ uː p ɸ] and as [ɲ] before [i iː]. | ||
*:''nikutlëz' | *:'''nikutlëz''' /niˈkutlɛʃ/ = [ɲiˈkutlɛʃ] | ||
*: '' | *: '''mínot''' /ˈmiːnɔt/ = [ˈmiːmɔθ] | ||
3. /p t k pˀ tˀ kˀ/ in coda position are realized as [ɸ θ x β ð ɣ], respectively. | 3. /p t k pˀ tˀ kˀ/ in coda position are realized as [ɸ θ x β ð ɣ], respectively. | ||
*: ''loknag'' [ɫɔx.nɐɣ] | *: '''loknag''' /lɔknakˀ/ [ɫɔx.nɐɣ] | ||
*: ''mip'' [miɸ] | *: '''mip''' /mip/ = [miɸ] | ||
*: ''ztát'' [ʃtɑːθ] | *: '''ztát''' /ʃtɑːt/ = [ʃtɑːθ] | ||
*: ''äkid'' [ɛkið] | *: '''äkid''' /ɛkitˀ/ = [ɛkið] | ||
*: '' | *: '''lokáb''' /lɔkɑːpˀ/ = [ɫɔˈkɑːβ] | ||
4. Following /i iː/, /k kˀ/ are realized as [ç ʝ], respectively. | 4. Following /i iː/, /k kˀ/ are realized as [ç ʝ], respectively. | ||
*: ''egig'' [ekˀiʝ] | *: '''egig''' /ekˀikˀ/ = [ekˀiʝ] | ||
*: '''tatik''' /tɐtik/ = [tɐtiç] | |||
5. /s/ is realized as [f] before [ɔ u] | |||
*: '' | *: '''subu''' /supˀu/ = [fupˀu] | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||