Loshi: Difference between revisions

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===Setting===
===Setting===
Loshi (Loshi: ელსი /ˈiʃi/) is a Locian language spoken primarily in Loshaith (Loshi: ელოსჯაჯდ /iʔɔˈʃɛːð/), being the official language of the country. It's closest relatives are its sister language Rozian, and its daughter language Irocian. Loshi is spoken by roughly 10-12 million people in Loshaith alone, with another 5 million speakers in its extended territories who use the language for business and commerce.
Loshi (Loshi: Lëzi /lɛʃi/) is a Locian language spoken primarily in Loshaithe (Loshi: Lëzéd /lɛˈʃɛːð/), being the official language of the country. It's closest relatives are its sister language Rozian, and its daughter language Irocian. Loshi is spoken by roughly 10-12 million people in Loshaith alone, with another 5 million speakers in its extended territories who use the language for business and commerce.


===Typology===
===Typology===
Loshi is a primarily agglutinative language with some synthetic tendencies. Nouns decline for 11 cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Possessive, Instrumental), 3 numbers (Singular, Dual, and Plural), and can be either animate or inanimate. Animacy is primarily semantically based, however the semantic reasoning is not always intuitive to L2 speakers. (ოკალნ ''okán'' "egg" is animate, but გნიჯოკ  ''níoki'' "claw" is inanimate), and it can be used to distinguish meaning: ჯოკ ''äk'' can mean either "human, person, individual", or "body, corpse, cadaver" depending on whether it is declined as animate or inanimate. Verbs decline for aspect, mood, person, number, and animacy. Morphologically verbs behave in a very agglutinative fashion, with each category pairing with a single morpheme.
Loshi is a primarily agglutinative language with some synthetic tendencies. Nouns decline for 11 cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Possessive, Instrumental), 3 numbers (Singular, Dual, and Plural), and can be either animate or inanimate. Animacy is primarily semantically based, however the semantic reasoning is not always intuitive to L2 speakers. (''okán'' "egg" is animate, but ''níoki'' "claw" is inanimate), and it can be used to distinguish meaning: ''äk'' can mean either "human, person, individual", or "body, corpse, cadaver" depending on whether it is declined as animate or inanimate. Verbs decline for aspect, mood, person, number, and animacy. Morphologically verbs behave in a very agglutinative fashion, with each category pairing with a single morpheme.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===


Loshi uses a modified version of Mkhedruli (Loshi: კნეტლოლი [netˈluː]. It's most prominent feature is it's complexity. Sound changes throughout the language's history have yet to be recorded in the written language, and thus the writing systems reflects the pronunciation of centuries past.
Loshi uses a variant of the Latin Alphabet, standardized with inspirations from German and Hungarian.


====Alphabet====
====Alphabet====
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Letter !! Name !! Name IPA !! IPA
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
|-
| ა || Ani || [ɐɲ] || [ɐ]
| a || Ani || [ɐ]
|-
|-
| ბ || Bani || [pˀɐɲ] || [pˀ]
| á || Á || [ɑː]
|-
|-
| გ || Gani || [kˀɐɲ] || [kˀ]
| b || Bani || [pˀ]
|-
|-
| დ || Däni || [tˀɛɲ] || [tˀ]
| g || Gani || [kˀ]
|-
|-
| ე || Eni || [eɲ] || [e]
| d || Däni || [tˀ]
|-
|-
| ი || Ini || [iɲ] || [i]
| e || Eni || [e]
|-
| é || É || [ɛː]
|-
|-
| კ || Kani || [kɐɲ] || [k]
| i || Ini || [i]
|-
|-
| ლ || Laz || [ɫɐʃ] || [ɫ]
| í || Í || [iː]
|-
|-
| ნ || Ná || [nɑː] || [n]
| k || Kani || [k]
|-
|-
| ო || Oni || [ɔɲ] || [ɔ]
| l || Laz || [ɫ]
|-
|-
| პ || Pá || [pɑː] || [p]
| n || Ná || [n]
|-
|-
| ს || Sani || [sɐɲ] || [s]
| m ||Má || [m]
|-
|-
| ტ || Tá || [tɑː] || [t]
| o || Oni || [ɔ]
|-
|-
| ჯ || Äni || [ɛɲ] || Silent
| p || Pá || [p]
|}
====Digraphs====
 
Loshi's native orthography makes extensive use of digraphs to represent it's pronunciation. However, there exist many digraphs that represent the same phoneme, resulting in a large number of homophones.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vowel Digraph !! IPA
|-
| იჯ || [iː]
|-
| ეჯ || [iː]
|-
| აჯ || [ɛː]
|-
| ოჯ || [iː]
|-
| ილ || [i]
|-
| ელ || [iː]
|-
| ალ || [ɑː]
|-
|-
| ოლ || [uː]
| s || Sani ||  [s]
|-
|-
| ჯი || [i]
| t || Tá ||  [t]
|-
|-
| ჯე || [i]
| u || U || [uː]
|-
|-
| ჯა || [ɛ]
| z ||Zani || [ʃ]
|-
|-
| ჯო || [ɛ]
| ä || Äni ||  [ɛ]
|-
|-
| სჯ || [ʃ]
| ë || Ëni || [ɛ]
|-
| კს || [x]
|}
|}


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|}
|}
====Allophony====
====Allophony====
    1. /n/ is realized as [ŋ] before /k/ or /x/ and [ŋˀ] before /kˀ/, but [ŋ] before [ɣ].
*:  '''kunkuz''' /kunkuʃ/ = [kuŋkuʃ]
*: '''ztunk''' /ʃtunx/ = [ʃtuŋx]
*: '''bangod''' /pˀankˀɔd/ = [pˀɐŋˀkˀɔð]
*: '''ljäsáng''' /ʎɛˈsɑːnkˀ/ = [ʎɛˈsɑːŋɣ]
    2. /n/ is realized as [m] before [ɔ uː p ɸ] and as [ɲ] before [i iː].
*:'''nikutlëz''' /niˈkutlɛʃ/ = [ɲiˈkutlɛʃ]
*:  '''mínot''' /ˈmiːnɔt/ = [ˈmiːmɔθ]
    3. /p t k pˀ tˀ kˀ/ in coda position are realized as [ɸ θ x β ð ɣ], respectively.
*:  '''loknag''' /lɔknakˀ/ [ɫɔx.nɐɣ]


=====Nasals=====
*: '''mip''' /mip/ = [miɸ]
* /n/ is realized as [ŋ] before /k/ or /x/ and [ŋˀ] before /kˀ/, but [ŋ] before [ɣ].


  კოლნკჯოლსჯ ''kunkuz'' [kuːŋkuːʃ]
*: '''ztát''' /ʃtɑːt/ = [ʃtɑːθ]


  სჯტოლნკ ztunk [ʃtuːŋx]
*: '''äkid''' /ɛkitˀ/ = [ɛkið]


  ბანგოდ bangod [pˀɐŋˀkˀɔð]
*: '''lokáb''' /lɔkɑːpˀ/ = [ɫɔˈkɑːβ]


  ლჯოსალნგ ljäsáng [ʎɛˈsɑːŋɣ]
    4. Following /i iː/, /k kˀ/ are realized as [ç ʝ], respectively.


* /n/ is realized as [m] before [ɔ uː p], as [ɱ] before [f], and as [ɲ] before [i iː].
*: '''egig''' /ekˀikˀ/ = [ekˀiʝ]


    ნიკჯოლტლოსი ''nikutläz'' [ɲiˈku:tlɛʃ]  
*: '''tatik''' /tɐtik/ = [tɐtiç]


  ნოჯინო ''míno'' [ˈmiːmɔ]
      5. /s/ is realized as [f] before [ɔ u]


  გელტჯატანპ ''gitätamp'' [kˀitɛtɐɱf]
*: '''subu''' /supˀu/ = [fupˀu]


===Vowels===
===Vowels===

Latest revision as of 03:39, 4 September 2019


Introduction

Setting

Loshi (Loshi: Lëzi /lɛʃi/) is a Locian language spoken primarily in Loshaithe (Loshi: Lëzéd /lɛˈʃɛːð/), being the official language of the country. It's closest relatives are its sister language Rozian, and its daughter language Irocian. Loshi is spoken by roughly 10-12 million people in Loshaith alone, with another 5 million speakers in its extended territories who use the language for business and commerce.

Typology

Loshi is a primarily agglutinative language with some synthetic tendencies. Nouns decline for 11 cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Possessive, Instrumental), 3 numbers (Singular, Dual, and Plural), and can be either animate or inanimate. Animacy is primarily semantically based, however the semantic reasoning is not always intuitive to L2 speakers. (okán "egg" is animate, but níoki "claw" is inanimate), and it can be used to distinguish meaning: äk can mean either "human, person, individual", or "body, corpse, cadaver" depending on whether it is declined as animate or inanimate. Verbs decline for aspect, mood, person, number, and animacy. Morphologically verbs behave in a very agglutinative fashion, with each category pairing with a single morpheme.

Phonology

Orthography

Loshi uses a variant of the Latin Alphabet, standardized with inspirations from German and Hungarian.

Alphabet

Letter Name IPA
a Ani [ɐ]
á Á [ɑː]
b Bani [pˀ]
g Gani [kˀ]
d Däni [tˀ]
e Eni [e]
é É [ɛː]
i Ini [i]
í Í [iː]
k Kani [k]
l Laz [ɫ]
n Ná [n]
m Má [m]
o Oni [ɔ]
p Pá [p]
s Sani [s]
t Tá [t]
u U [uː]
z Zani [ʃ]
ä Äni [ɛ]
ë Ëni [ɛ]

Consonants

Categories Bilabial Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ɲ/
Stop /p /pˀ/ /t/ /tˀ/ /k/ /kˀ/
Fricative [f] [v] [θ] [ð] /s/ /ʃ/ [ç] [ʝ] /x/ [ɣ]
Lateral /l/ /ʎ/

Allophony

    1. /n/ is realized as [ŋ] before /k/ or /x/ and [ŋˀ] before /kˀ/, but [ŋ] before [ɣ].
  • kunkuz /kunkuʃ/ = [kuŋkuʃ]
  • ztunk /ʃtunx/ = [ʃtuŋx]
  • bangod /pˀankˀɔd/ = [pˀɐŋˀkˀɔð]
  • ljäsáng /ʎɛˈsɑːnkˀ/ = [ʎɛˈsɑːŋɣ]
    2. /n/ is realized as [m] before [ɔ uː p ɸ] and as [ɲ] before [i iː].
  • nikutlëz /niˈkutlɛʃ/ = [ɲiˈkutlɛʃ]
  • mínot /ˈmiːnɔt/ = [ˈmiːmɔθ]
    3. /p t k pˀ tˀ kˀ/ in coda position are realized as [ɸ θ x β ð ɣ], respectively.
  • loknag /lɔknakˀ/ [ɫɔx.nɐɣ]
  • mip /mip/ = [miɸ]
  • ztát /ʃtɑːt/ = [ʃtɑːθ]
  • äkid /ɛkitˀ/ = [ɛkið]
  • lokáb /lɔkɑːpˀ/ = [ɫɔˈkɑːβ]
    4. Following /i iː/, /k kˀ/ are realized as [ç ʝ], respectively.
  • egig /ekˀikˀ/ = [ekˀiʝ]
  • tatik /tɐtik/ = [tɐtiç]
     5. /s/ is realized as [f] before [ɔ u]
  • subu /supˀu/ = [fupˀu]

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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