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* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.
==Hollow==
==1-y==
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''yabā́s'' 'he was dry'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''yabásθī''
| ''yabásθa''
| ''yabásθe''
| ''yabā́s''
| ''yabā́saθ''
| ''yabásnė''
| ''yabásθum''
| ''yabásθin''
| ''yabā́sū''
| ''yabásna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔėbḗs''
| ''θėbḗs''
| ''θėbḗsī''
| ''yėbḗs''
| ''yėbḗsī''
| ''nėbḗs''
| ''θėbḗsū''
| ''θėbísna''
| ''yėbḗsū''
| ''yėbísna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔȯbḗs''
| ''θȯbḗs''
| ''θȯbḗsī''
| ''yȯbḗs''
| ''yȯbḗsī''
| ''nȯbḗs''
| ''θȯbḗsū''
| ''θȯbísna''
| ''yȯbḗsū''
| ''yȯbísna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔȯbisánna''
| ''θȯbisánna''
| ''θȯbisínna''
| ''yȯbisánna''
| ''yȯbisínna''
| ''nȯbisánna''
| ''θȯbisúnna''
| ''θȯbisnánna''
| ''yȯbisúnna''
| ''yȯbisnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔȯ́bis''
| ''θȯ́bis''
| ''θȯ́bisī''
| ''yȯ́bis''
| ''yȯ́bisī''
| ''nȯ́bis''
| ''θȯ́bisū''
| ''θȯ́bisna''
| ''yȯ́bisū''
| ''yȯ́bisna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''bḗs!''
| ''bḗsī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''bḗsū!''
| ''bísna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''yabū́s''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''yibė́s''
|}
 
==1-w==
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''waθā́r'' 'he remained'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''waθárθī''
| ''waθárθa''
| ''waθárθe''
| ''waθā́r''
| ''waθā́raθ''
| ''waθárnė''
| ''waθárθum''
| ''waθárθin''
| ''waθārū''
| ''waθárna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔėθḗr''
| ''θėθḗr''
| ''θėθḗrī''
| ''yėθḗr''
| ''yėθḗrī''
| ''nėθḗr''
| ''θėθḗrū''
| ''θėθírna''
| ''yėθḗrū''
| ''yėθírna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔȯθḗr''
| ''θȯθḗr''
| ''θȯθḗrī''
| ''yȯθḗr''
| ''yȯθḗrī''
| ''nȯθḗr''
| ''θȯθḗrū''
| ''θȯθírna''
| ''yȯθḗrū''
| ''yȯθírna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔȯθiránna''
| ''θȯθiránna''
| ''θȯθirínna''
| ''yȯθiránna''
| ''yȯθirínna''
| ''nȯθiránna''
| ''θȯθirúnna''
| ''θȯθirnánna''
| ''yȯθirúnna''
| ''yȯθirnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́θirī''
| ''yȯ́θir''
| ''yȯ́θirī''
| ''nȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́θirū''
| ''θȯ́θirna''
| ''yȯ́θirū''
| ''yȯ́θirna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''θḗr!''
| ''θḗrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''θḗrū!''
| ''θírna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''waθū́r''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''wiθė́r''
|}
 
===''nuφȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''nūrā́š'' 'it was inherited'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''nūrášθī''
| ''nūrášθa''
| ''nūrášθe''
| ''nūrā́š''
| ''nūrā́šaθ''
| ''nūrášnė''
| ''nūrášθum''
| ''nūrášθin''
| ''nūrā́šū''
| ''nūrášna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔuwwėrā́š''
| ''θuwwėrā́š''
| ''θuwwėrā́šī''
| ''yuwwėrā́š''
| ''yuwwėrā́šī''
| ''nuwwėrā́š''
| ''θuwwėrā́šū''
| ''θuwwėrášna''
| ''yuwwėrā́šū''
| ''yuwwėrášna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔuwwarā́š''
| ''θuwwarā́š''
| ''θuwwarā́šī''
| ''yuwwarā́š''
| ''yuwwarā́šī''
| ''nuwwarā́š''
| ''θuwwarā́šū''
| ''θuwwarášna''
| ''yuwwarā́šū''
| ''yuwwarášna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔuwwarašanna''
| ''θuwwarašanna''
| ''θuwwarašínna''
| ''yuwwarašánna''
| ''yuwwarašínna''
| ''nuwwarašanna''
| ''θuwwarašúnna''
| ''θuwwarašnánna''
| ''yuwwarašúnna''
| ''yuwwarašnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúwwaraš''
| ''θúwwaraš''
| ''θúwwarašī''
| ''yúwwaraš''
| ''yúwwarašī''
| ''núwwaraš''
| ''θúwwarašū''
| ''θúwwarašna''
| ''yúwwarašū''
| ''yúwwarašna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''huwwarā́š!''
| ''huwwarā́šī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''huwwarā́šū!''
| ''huwwarášna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''muwwarā́š''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nūrė́š''
|}
 
==1-n==
This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant.
 
This creates some binyan ambiguity: ''nujjā́r'' may be the passive of the ''φa3āl'' stem ''najā́r'' or the passive of the ''φa33ēl'' stem ''najjḗr''. Such verbs often would take both paradigms freely.
 
Examples: ''naφāl'' 'he fell'; ''najār'' 'he guarded'
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''najā́r'' 'he guarded, he watched, he kept'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''najárθī''
| ''najárθa''
| ''najárθe''
| ''najā́r''
| ''najā́raθ''
| ''najárnė''
| ''najárθum''
| ''najárθin''
| ''najā́rū''
| ''najárna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔanėjṓr''
| ''θanėjṓr''
| ''θanėjṓrī''
| ''yanėjṓr''
| ''yanėjṓrī''
| ''nanėjṓr''
| ''θanėjṓrū''
| ''θanėjúrna''
| ''yanėjṓrū''
| ''yanėjúrna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔajjṓr''
| ''θajjṓr''
| ''θajjṓrī''
| ''yajjṓr''
| ''yajjṓrī''
| ''najjṓr''
| ''θajjṓrū''
| ''θajjúrna''
| ''yajjṓrū''
| ''yajjúrna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔajjuránna''
| ''θajjuránna''
| ''θajjurī́nna''
| ''yajjuránna''
| ''yajjurī́nna''
| ''najjuránna''
| ''θajjurū́nna''
| ''θajjurnánna''
| ''yajjurū́nna''
| ''yajjurnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔájjur''
| ''θájjur''
| ''θájjurī''
| ''yájjur''
| ''yájjurī''
| ''nájjur''
| ''θájjurū''
| ''θájjurna''
| ''yájjurū''
| ''yajjurna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''jōr!''
| ''jṓrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''jṓrū!''
| ''júrna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''nėjḗr''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''najū́r''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nijė́r''
|}
 
===''nuφȝāl''===
===''haφȝēl''===
===''huφȝāl''===
===''heθφaȝāl''===
===''niθφuȝāl''===
===''hastaφȝēl''===
===''hastuφȝāl''===
 
==1-ʔ==
==2-ʔ, 2-h, 2-ȝ and 2-ħ==
==2-ʔ, 2-h, 2-ȝ and 2-ħ==
*√t-ȝ-m 'to choose'
*√t-ȝ-m 'to choose'


-ā/a- instead of -ō/u- before C3 in prefix conjugation
-ā/a- instead of -ō/u- before C3 in prefix conjugation
===''faȝāl''===
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''taȝā́m'' 'he chose'
|+ ''taȝā́m'' 'he chose'
Line 33: Line 434:
| ''taȝámθin''  
| ''taȝámθin''  
| ''taȝā́mū''  
| ''taȝā́mū''  
| ''taȝā́mė''
| ''taȝámna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 107: Line 508:
==3-y==
==3-y==
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ė'' from ''*-aya'' and ''-ē'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iyu''. A lot of analogy has taken place in this gizra, as in Hebrew. Dialectal variation poses additional complexity, with forms ''yabnė́, yabnā́yī, yabnā́yū, yabnáyna'' being used for ''yabnḗ, yabnī́, yabnū́, yabnḗna'' in some dialects.
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ė'' from ''*-aya'' and ''-ē'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iyu''. A lot of analogy has taken place in this gizra, as in Hebrew. Dialectal variation poses additional complexity, with forms ''yabnė́, yabnā́yī, yabnā́yū, yabnáyna'' being used for ''yabnḗ, yabnī́, yabnū́, yabnḗna'' in some dialects.
===''faȝāl''===
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''banė́'' 'he built'
|+ ''banė́'' 'he built'
Line 198: Line 599:
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''mabnū́y''
|colspan=10| ''banū́y''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
Line 204: Line 605:
|}
|}


===''nufȝāl''===
===''nuφȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''nubnė́'' 'it was built'
|+ ''nubnė́'' 'it was built'
Line 298: Line 699:
|}
|}


===''faȝȝēl''===
===''φaȝȝēl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''dammė́'' 'he likened, he modeled (sth after sth)'
|+ ''dammė́'' 'he likened, he modeled (sth after sth)'
Line 481: Line 882:
==3-w==
==3-w==
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ȯ'' from ''*-awa'' and ''-ū'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iwu''.
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ȯ'' from ''*-awa'' and ''-ū'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iwu''.
===''faȝāl''===
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''manȯ́'' 'he counted'
|+ ''manȯ́'' 'he counted'
Line 563: Line 964:
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''munū!''
| ''munū́!''
| ''munṓna!''
| ''munṓna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
Line 579: Line 980:


Other binyanim are affected similarly. The part after the C2 is affected.
Other binyanim are affected similarly. The part after the C2 is affected.
==3-ʔ==
==3-ʔ==
==3-ȝ and 3-ħ==
==3-ȝ and 3-ħ==
==Hollow==
==Geminate==
IlL
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