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m (→faȝāl) |
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* the consonantal root has 2 letters. | * the consonantal root has 2 letters. | ||
==1-y== | ==1-y== | ||
===''φaȝāl''=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ ''yabā́s'' 'he was dry' | |||
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | |||
! style="" | 1sg | |||
! style="" | 2sg.m | |||
! style="" | 2sg.f | |||
! style="" | 3sg.m | |||
! style="" | 3sg.f | |||
! style="" | 1pl | |||
! style="" | 2pl.m | |||
! style="" | 2pl.f | |||
! style="" | 3pl.m | |||
! style="" | 3pl.f | |||
|- | |||
! past | |||
| ''yabásθī'' | |||
| ''yabásθa'' | |||
| ''yabásθe'' | |||
| ''yabā́s'' | |||
| ''yabā́saθ'' | |||
| ''yabásnė'' | |||
| ''yabásθum'' | |||
| ''yabásθin'' | |||
| ''yabā́sū'' | |||
| ''yabásna'' | |||
|- | |||
! present | |||
| ''ʔėbḗs'' | |||
| ''θėbḗs'' | |||
| ''θėbḗsī'' | |||
| ''yėbḗs'' | |||
| ''yėbḗsī'' | |||
| ''nėbḗs'' | |||
| ''θėbḗsū'' | |||
| ''θėbísna'' | |||
| ''yėbḗsū'' | |||
| ''yėbísna'' | |||
|- | |||
! future | |||
| ''ʔȯbḗs'' | |||
| ''θȯbḗs'' | |||
| ''θȯbḗsī'' | |||
| ''yȯbḗs'' | |||
| ''yȯbḗsī'' | |||
| ''nȯbḗs'' | |||
| ''θȯbḗsū'' | |||
| ''θȯbísna'' | |||
| ''yȯbḗsū'' | |||
| ''yȯbísna'' | |||
|- | |||
! optative | |||
| ''ʔȯbisánna'' | |||
| ''θȯbisánna'' | |||
| ''θȯbisínna'' | |||
| ''yȯbisánna'' | |||
| ''yȯbisínna'' | |||
| ''nȯbisánna'' | |||
| ''θȯbisúnna'' | |||
| ''θȯbisnánna'' | |||
| ''yȯbisúnna'' | |||
| ''yȯbisnánna'' | |||
|- | |||
! jussive | |||
| ''ʔȯ́bis'' | |||
| ''θȯ́bis'' | |||
| ''θȯ́bisī'' | |||
| ''yȯ́bis'' | |||
| ''yȯ́bisī'' | |||
| ''nȯ́bis'' | |||
| ''θȯ́bisū'' | |||
| ''θȯ́bisna'' | |||
| ''yȯ́bisū'' | |||
| ''yȯ́bisna'' | |||
|- | |||
! imperative | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''bḗs!'' | |||
| ''bḗsī!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''bḗsū!'' | |||
| ''bísna!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
! active participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
! passive participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''yabū́s'' | |||
|- | |||
! verbal noun | |||
|colspan=10| ''yibė́s'' | |||
|} | |||
==1-w== | ==1-w== | ||
==='' | ===''φaȝāl''=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''waθā́r'' 'he remained' | |+ ''waθā́r'' 'he remained' | ||
Line 93: | Line 190: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
Line 100: | Line 197: | ||
! verbal noun | ! verbal noun | ||
|colspan=10| ''wiθė́r'' | |colspan=10| ''wiθė́r'' | ||
|} | |||
===''nuφȝāl''=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ ''nūrā́š'' 'it was inherited' | |||
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | |||
! style="" | 1sg | |||
! style="" | 2sg.m | |||
! style="" | 2sg.f | |||
! style="" | 3sg.m | |||
! style="" | 3sg.f | |||
! style="" | 1pl | |||
! style="" | 2pl.m | |||
! style="" | 2pl.f | |||
! style="" | 3pl.m | |||
! style="" | 3pl.f | |||
|- | |||
! past | |||
| ''nūrášθī'' | |||
| ''nūrášθa'' | |||
| ''nūrášθe'' | |||
| ''nūrā́š'' | |||
| ''nūrā́šaθ'' | |||
| ''nūrášnė'' | |||
| ''nūrášθum'' | |||
| ''nūrášθin'' | |||
| ''nūrā́šū'' | |||
| ''nūrášna'' | |||
|- | |||
! present | |||
| ''ʔuwwėrā́š'' | |||
| ''θuwwėrā́š'' | |||
| ''θuwwėrā́šī'' | |||
| ''yuwwėrā́š'' | |||
| ''yuwwėrā́šī'' | |||
| ''nuwwėrā́š'' | |||
| ''θuwwėrā́šū'' | |||
| ''θuwwėrášna'' | |||
| ''yuwwėrā́šū'' | |||
| ''yuwwėrášna'' | |||
|- | |||
! future | |||
| ''ʔuwwarā́š'' | |||
| ''θuwwarā́š'' | |||
| ''θuwwarā́šī'' | |||
| ''yuwwarā́š'' | |||
| ''yuwwarā́šī'' | |||
| ''nuwwarā́š'' | |||
| ''θuwwarā́šū'' | |||
| ''θuwwarášna'' | |||
| ''yuwwarā́šū'' | |||
| ''yuwwarášna'' | |||
|- | |||
! optative | |||
| ''ʔuwwarašanna'' | |||
| ''θuwwarašanna'' | |||
| ''θuwwarašínna'' | |||
| ''yuwwarašánna'' | |||
| ''yuwwarašínna'' | |||
| ''nuwwarašanna'' | |||
| ''θuwwarašúnna'' | |||
| ''θuwwarašnánna'' | |||
| ''yuwwarašúnna'' | |||
| ''yuwwarašnánna'' | |||
|- | |||
! jussive | |||
| ''ʔúwwaraš'' | |||
| ''θúwwaraš'' | |||
| ''θúwwarašī'' | |||
| ''yúwwaraš'' | |||
| ''yúwwarašī'' | |||
| ''núwwaraš'' | |||
| ''θúwwarašū'' | |||
| ''θúwwarašna'' | |||
| ''yúwwarašū'' | |||
| ''yúwwarašna'' | |||
|- | |||
! imperative | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''huwwarā́š!'' | |||
| ''huwwarā́šī!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''huwwarā́šū!'' | |||
| ''huwwarášna!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
! participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''muwwarā́š'' | |||
|- | |||
! verbal noun | |||
|colspan=10| ''nūrė́š'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 105: | Line 296: | ||
This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant. | This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant. | ||
This creates some binyan ambiguity: '' | This creates some binyan ambiguity: ''nujjā́r'' may be the passive of the ''φa3āl'' stem ''najā́r'' or the passive of the ''φa33ēl'' stem ''najjḗr''. Such verbs often would take both paradigms freely. | ||
==='' | |||
Examples: ''naφāl'' 'he fell'; ''najār'' 'he guarded' | |||
===''φaȝāl''=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''najā́r'' 'he guarded, he watched, he kept' | ||
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ||
! style="" | 1sg | ! style="" | 1sg | ||
Line 122: | Line 315: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''najárθī'' | ||
| '' | | ''najárθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''najárθe'' | ||
| '' | | ''najā́r'' | ||
| '' | | ''najā́raθ'' | ||
| '' | | ''najárnė'' | ||
| '' | | ''najárθum'' | ||
| '' | | ''najárθin'' | ||
| '' | | ''najā́rū'' | ||
| '' | | ''najárna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''ʔanėjṓr'' | ||
| '' | | ''θanėjṓr'' | ||
| '' | | ''θanėjṓrī'' | ||
| '' | | ''yanėjṓr'' | ||
| '' | | ''yanėjṓrī'' | ||
| '' | | ''nanėjṓr'' | ||
| '' | | ''θanėjṓrū'' | ||
| '' | | ''θanėjúrna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yanėjṓrū'' | ||
| '' | | ''yanėjúrna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''ʔajjṓr'' | ||
| '' | | ''θajjṓr'' | ||
| '' | | ''θajjṓrī'' | ||
| '' | | ''yajjṓr'' | ||
| '' | | ''yajjṓrī'' | ||
| '' | | ''najjṓr'' | ||
| '' | | ''θajjṓrū'' | ||
| '' | | ''θajjúrna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yajjṓrū'' | ||
| '' | | ''yajjúrna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! optative | ! optative | ||
| '' | | ''ʔajjuránna'' | ||
| '' | | ''θajjuránna'' | ||
| '' | | ''θajjurī́nna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yajjuránna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yajjurī́nna'' | ||
| '' | | ''najjuránna'' | ||
| '' | | ''θajjurū́nna'' | ||
| '' | | ''θajjurnánna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yajjurū́nna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yajjurnánna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! jussive | ! jussive | ||
| '' | | ''ʔájjur'' | ||
| '' | | ''θájjur'' | ||
| '' | | ''θájjurī'' | ||
| '' | | ''yájjur'' | ||
| '' | | ''yájjurī'' | ||
| '' | | ''nájjur'' | ||
| '' | | ''θájjurū'' | ||
| '' | | ''θájjurna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yájjurū'' | ||
| '' | | ''yajjurna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''jōr!'' | ||
| '' | | ''jṓrī!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''jṓrū!'' | ||
| '' | | ''júrna!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''nėjḗr'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''najū́r'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! verbal noun | ! verbal noun | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''nijė́r'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==='' | ===''nuφȝāl''=== | ||
==='' | ===''haφȝēl''=== | ||
==='' | ===''huφȝāl''=== | ||
===''heθφaȝāl''=== | ===''heθφaȝāl''=== | ||
===''niθφuȝāl''=== | ===''niθφuȝāl''=== | ||
Line 216: | Line 409: | ||
-ā/a- instead of -ō/u- before C3 in prefix conjugation | -ā/a- instead of -ō/u- before C3 in prefix conjugation | ||
==='' | ===''φaȝāl''=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''taȝā́m'' 'he chose' | |+ ''taȝā́m'' 'he chose' | ||
Line 315: | Line 508: | ||
==3-y== | ==3-y== | ||
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ė'' from ''*-aya'' and ''-ē'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iyu''. A lot of analogy has taken place in this gizra, as in Hebrew. Dialectal variation poses additional complexity, with forms ''yabnė́, yabnā́yī, yabnā́yū, yabnáyna'' being used for ''yabnḗ, yabnī́, yabnū́, yabnḗna'' in some dialects. | These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ė'' from ''*-aya'' and ''-ē'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iyu''. A lot of analogy has taken place in this gizra, as in Hebrew. Dialectal variation poses additional complexity, with forms ''yabnė́, yabnā́yī, yabnā́yū, yabnáyna'' being used for ''yabnḗ, yabnī́, yabnū́, yabnḗna'' in some dialects. | ||
==='' | ===''φaȝāl''=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''banė́'' 'he built' | |+ ''banė́'' 'he built' | ||
Line 406: | Line 599: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''banū́y'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! verbal noun | ! verbal noun | ||
Line 412: | Line 605: | ||
|} | |} | ||
==='' | ===''nuφȝāl''=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''nubnė́'' 'it was built' | |+ ''nubnė́'' 'it was built' | ||
Line 506: | Line 699: | ||
|} | |} | ||
==='' | ===''φaȝȝēl''=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''dammė́'' 'he likened, he modeled (sth after sth)' | |+ ''dammė́'' 'he likened, he modeled (sth after sth)' | ||
Line 689: | Line 882: | ||
==3-w== | ==3-w== | ||
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ȯ'' from ''*-awa'' and ''-ū'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iwu''. | These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ȯ'' from ''*-awa'' and ''-ū'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iwu''. | ||
==='' | ===''φaȝāl''=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''manȯ́'' 'he counted' | |+ ''manȯ́'' 'he counted' |
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