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'''''Gzarot''''' (Hebrew, sg. ''gizra'' 'figure, form, pattern') '''in Togarmite''' are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
'''''Gzarot''''' (Hebrew, sg. ''gizra'' 'figure, form, pattern') '''in Togarmite''' are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
* the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (''ʔ ȝ h'') or a semivowel (''j w'');
* the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (''ʔ ȝ ħ h'') or a semivowel (''y w'');
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.
==2-ȝ==
==1-y==
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''yabā́s'' 'he was dry'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''yabásθī''
| ''yabásθa''
| ''yabásθe''
| ''yabā́s''
| ''yabā́saθ''
| ''yabásnė''
| ''yabásθum''
| ''yabásθin''
| ''yabā́sū''
| ''yabásna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔėbḗs''
| ''θėbḗs''
| ''θėbḗsī''
| ''yėbḗs''
| ''yėbḗsī''
| ''nėbḗs''
| ''θėbḗsū''
| ''θėbísna''
| ''yėbḗsū''
| ''yėbísna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔȯbḗs''
| ''θȯbḗs''
| ''θȯbḗsī''
| ''yȯbḗs''
| ''yȯbḗsī''
| ''nȯbḗs''
| ''θȯbḗsū''
| ''θȯbísna''
| ''yȯbḗsū''
| ''yȯbísna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔȯbisánna''
| ''θȯbisánna''
| ''θȯbisínna''
| ''yȯbisánna''
| ''yȯbisínna''
| ''nȯbisánna''
| ''θȯbisúnna''
| ''θȯbisnánna''
| ''yȯbisúnna''
| ''yȯbisnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔȯ́bis''
| ''θȯ́bis''
| ''θȯ́bisī''
| ''yȯ́bis''
| ''yȯ́bisī''
| ''nȯ́bis''
| ''θȯ́bisū''
| ''θȯ́bisna''
| ''yȯ́bisū''
| ''yȯ́bisna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''bḗs!''
| ''bḗsī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''bḗsū!''
| ''bísna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''yabū́s''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''yibė́s''
|}
 
==1-w==
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''waθā́r'' 'he remained'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''waθárθī''
| ''waθárθa''
| ''waθárθe''
| ''waθā́r''
| ''waθā́raθ''
| ''waθárnė''
| ''waθárθum''
| ''waθárθin''
| ''waθārū''
| ''waθárna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔėθḗr''
| ''θėθḗr''
| ''θėθḗrī''
| ''yėθḗr''
| ''yėθḗrī''
| ''nėθḗr''
| ''θėθḗrū''
| ''θėθírna''
| ''yėθḗrū''
| ''yėθírna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔȯθḗr''
| ''θȯθḗr''
| ''θȯθḗrī''
| ''yȯθḗr''
| ''yȯθḗrī''
| ''nȯθḗr''
| ''θȯθḗrū''
| ''θȯθírna''
| ''yȯθḗrū''
| ''yȯθírna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔȯθiránna''
| ''θȯθiránna''
| ''θȯθirínna''
| ''yȯθiránna''
| ''yȯθirínna''
| ''nȯθiránna''
| ''θȯθirúnna''
| ''θȯθirnánna''
| ''yȯθirúnna''
| ''yȯθirnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́θirī''
| ''yȯ́θir''
| ''yȯ́θirī''
| ''nȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́θirū''
| ''θȯ́θirna''
| ''yȯ́θirū''
| ''yȯ́θirna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''θḗr!''
| ''θḗrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''θḗrū!''
| ''θírna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''waθū́r''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''wiθė́r''
|}
 
===''nuφȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''nūrā́š'' 'it was inherited'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''nūrášθī''
| ''nūrášθa''
| ''nūrášθe''
| ''nūrā́š''
| ''nūrā́šaθ''
| ''nūrášnė''
| ''nūrášθum''
| ''nūrášθin''
| ''nūrā́šū''
| ''nūrášna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔuwwėrā́š''
| ''θuwwėrā́š''
| ''θuwwėrā́šī''
| ''yuwwėrā́š''
| ''yuwwėrā́šī''
| ''nuwwėrā́š''
| ''θuwwėrā́šū''
| ''θuwwėrášna''
| ''yuwwėrā́šū''
| ''yuwwėrášna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔuwwarā́š''
| ''θuwwarā́š''
| ''θuwwarā́šī''
| ''yuwwarā́š''
| ''yuwwarā́šī''
| ''nuwwarā́š''
| ''θuwwarā́šū''
| ''θuwwarášna''
| ''yuwwarā́šū''
| ''yuwwarášna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔuwwarašanna''
| ''θuwwarašanna''
| ''θuwwarašínna''
| ''yuwwarašánna''
| ''yuwwarašínna''
| ''nuwwarašanna''
| ''θuwwarašúnna''
| ''θuwwarašnánna''
| ''yuwwarašúnna''
| ''yuwwarašnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúwwaraš''
| ''θúwwaraš''
| ''θúwwarašī''
| ''yúwwaraš''
| ''yúwwarašī''
| ''núwwaraš''
| ''θúwwarašū''
| ''θúwwarašna''
| ''yúwwarašū''
| ''yúwwarašna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''huwwarā́š!''
| ''huwwarā́šī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''huwwarā́šū!''
| ''huwwarášna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''muwwarā́š''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nūrė́š''
|}
 
==1-n==
This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant.
 
This creates some binyan ambiguity: ''nujjā́r'' may be the passive of the ''φa3āl'' stem ''najā́r'' or the passive of the ''φa33ēl'' stem ''najjḗr''. Such verbs often would take both paradigms freely.
 
Examples: ''naφāl'' 'he fell'; ''najār'' 'he guarded'
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''najā́r'' 'he guarded, he watched, he kept'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''najárθī''
| ''najárθa''
| ''najárθe''
| ''najā́r''
| ''najā́raθ''
| ''najárnė''
| ''najárθum''
| ''najárθin''
| ''najā́rū''
| ''najárna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔanėjṓr''
| ''θanėjṓr''
| ''θanėjṓrī''
| ''yanėjṓr''
| ''yanėjṓrī''
| ''nanėjṓr''
| ''θanėjṓrū''
| ''θanėjúrna''
| ''yanėjṓrū''
| ''yanėjúrna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔajjṓr''
| ''θajjṓr''
| ''θajjṓrī''
| ''yajjṓr''
| ''yajjṓrī''
| ''najjṓr''
| ''θajjṓrū''
| ''θajjúrna''
| ''yajjṓrū''
| ''yajjúrna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔajjuránna''
| ''θajjuránna''
| ''θajjurī́nna''
| ''yajjuránna''
| ''yajjurī́nna''
| ''najjuránna''
| ''θajjurū́nna''
| ''θajjurnánna''
| ''yajjurū́nna''
| ''yajjurnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔájjur''
| ''θájjur''
| ''θájjurī''
| ''yájjur''
| ''yájjurī''
| ''nájjur''
| ''θájjurū''
| ''θájjurna''
| ''yájjurū''
| ''yajjurna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''jōr!''
| ''jṓrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''jṓrū!''
| ''júrna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''nėjḗr''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''najū́r''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nijė́r''
|}
 
===''nuφȝāl''===
===''haφȝēl''===
===''huφȝāl''===
===''heθφaȝāl''===
===''niθφuȝāl''===
===''hastaφȝēl''===
===''hastuφȝāl''===
 
==1-ʔ==
==2-ʔ, 2-h, 2-ȝ and 2-ħ==
*√t-ȝ-m 'to choose'
*√t-ȝ-m 'to choose'


===Binyan 1a===
-ā/a- instead of -ō/u- before C3 in prefix conjugation
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1100px; text-align:center;"
===''φaȝāl''===
|+ ''taȝam'' 'he chose'
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''taȝā́m'' 'he chose'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 1sg
Line 21: Line 424:
! style="" | 3pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past
| ''taȝamθī''
| ''taȝámθī''
| ''taȝamθa''
| ''taȝámθa''
| ''taȝamθi''
| ''taȝámθe''
| ''taȝam''  
| ''taȝā́m''  
| ''taȝamaθ''  
| ''taȝā́maθ''  
| ''taȝamnė''
| ''taȝámnė''
| ''taȝamθum''  
| ''taȝámθum''  
| ''taȝamθin''  
| ''taȝámθin''  
| ''taȝamū''  
| ''taȝā́mū''  
| ''taȝamė''
| ''taȝámna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔatėȝā́m''
| ''θatėȝā́m''
| ''θatėȝā́mī''
| ''yatėȝā́m''
| ''yatėȝā́mī''
| ''natėȝā́m''
| ''θatėȝā́mū''
| ''θatėȝámna''
| ''yatėȝā́mū''
| ''yatėȝámna''
|-
|-
! nonpast
! future
| ''ʔatȝām''
| ''ʔatȝā́m''
| ''tatȝām''
| ''θatȝā́m''
| ''tatȝamī''
| ''θatȝā́mī''
| ''yatȝām''
| ''yatȝā́m''
| ''yatȝamī''
| ''yatȝā́mī''
| ''natȝām''
| ''natȝā́m''
| ''tatȝamū''
| ''θatȝā́mū''
| ''tatȝāmė''
| ''θatȝámna''
| ''yatȝāmū''
| ''yatȝā́mū''
| ''yatȝāmė''
| ''yatȝámna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔatȝamanna''
| ''ʔatȝamánna''
| ''tatȝamanna''
| ''θatȝamánna''
| ''tatȝamīnna''
| ''θatȝamī́nna''
| ''yatȝamanna''
| ''yatȝamánna''
| ''yatȝamīnna''
| ''yatȝamī́nna''
| ''natȝamanna''
| ''natȝamánna''
| ''tatȝamūnna''
| ''θatȝamū́nna''
| ''tatȝamėnna''
| ''θatȝamnánna''
| ''yatȝamūnna''
| ''yatȝamū́nna''
| ''yatȝamėnna''
| ''yatȝamnánna''
|-
|-
! jussive
! jussive
| ''ʔatȝam''
| ''ʔátȝam''
| ''tatȝam''
| ''θátȝam''
| ''tatȝamī''
| ''θátȝamī''
| ''yatȝam''
| ''yátȝam''
| ''yatȝamī''
| ''yátȝamī''
| ''natȝam''
| ''nátȝam''
| ''tatȝamū''
| ''θátȝamū''
| ''tatȝamė''
| ''θátȝamna''
| ''yatȝamū''
| ''yátȝamū''
| ''yatȝamė''
| ''yatȝámna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''taȝām!''
| ''taȝā́m!''
| ''taȝamī!''
| ''taȝā́mī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''taȝamū!''
| ''taȝā́mū!''
| ''taȝamė!''
| ''taȝā́mė!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''tėȝēm''
|colspan=10| ''tėȝḗm''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''taȝūm''
|colspan=10| ''matȝū́m''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''tiȝėm''
|colspan=10| ''tiȝė́m''
|}
|}


==3-y==
==3-y==
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ė'' from ''*-aya'' and ''-ē'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iyu''.
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ė'' from ''*-aya'' and ''-ē'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iyu''. A lot of analogy has taken place in this gizra, as in Hebrew. Dialectal variation poses additional complexity, with forms ''yabnė́, yabnā́yī, yabnā́yū, yabnáyna'' being used for ''yabnḗ, yabnī́, yabnū́, yabnḗna'' in some dialects.
===Binyan 1a===
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:900px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''saθė'' 'he drank'
|+ ''banė́'' 'he built'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 1sg
Line 109: Line 524:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''saθayθī''
| ''banáyθī''
| ''saθayθa''
| ''banáyθa''
| ''saθayθi''
| ''banáyθe''
| ''saθė''  
| ''banė́''  
| ''saθėθ''  
| ''banė́θ''  
| ''saθaynė''
| ''banáynė''
| ''saθayθum''  
| ''banáyθum''  
| ''saθayθin''  
| ''banáyθin''  
| ''saθū''  
| ''banė́w''  
| ''saθė''
| ''banáyna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔabėnḗ''
| ''tabėnḗ''
| ''tabėnī́''
| ''yabėnḗ''
| ''yabėnī́''
| ''nabėnḗ''
| ''tabėnū́''
| ''tabėnḗna''
| ''yabėnū́''
| ''yabėnḗna''
|-
|-
! nonpast
! future
| ''ʔasθē''
| ''ʔabnḗ''
| ''tasθē''
| ''tabnḗ''
| ''tasθī''
| ''tabnī́''
| ''yasθē''
| ''yabnḗ''
| ''yasθī''
| ''yabnī́''
| ''nasθē''
| ''nabnḗ''
| ''tasθū''
| ''tabnū́''
| ''tasθė''
| ''tabnḗna''
| ''yasθū''
| ''yabnū́''
| ''yasθė''
| ''yabnḗna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔasθenna''
| ''ʔabnénna''
| ''tasθenna''
| ''tabnénna''
| ''tasθīnna''
| ''tabnī́nna''
| ''yasθenna''
| ''yabnénna''
| ''yasθīnna''
| ''yabnī́nna''
| ''nasθenna''
| ''nabnénna''
| ''tasθūnna''
| ''tabnū́nna''
| ''tasθėnna''
| ''tabnēnánna''
| ''yasθūnna''
| ''yabnū́nna''
| ''yasθėnna''
| ''yabnēnánna''
|-
|-
! jussive
! jussive
| ''ʔasθe''
| ''ʔábne''
| ''tasθe''
| ''tábne''
| ''tasθī''
| ''tábnī''
| ''yasθe''
| ''yábne''
| ''yasθī''
| ''yábnī''
| ''nasθe''
| ''nábne''
| ''tasθū''
| ''tábnū''
| ''tasθė''
| ''tábnēna''
| ''yasθū''
| ''yábnū''
| ''yasθė''
| ''yábnēna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''saθē!''
| ''bunḗ!''
| ''saθī!''
| ''bunī́!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''saθū!''
| ''bunū́!''
| ''saθė!''
| ''bunḗna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''sėθē''
|colspan=10| ''bėnḗ''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''saθūy''
|colspan=10| ''banū́y''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''binė́θ''
|}
 
===''nuφȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''nubnė́'' 'it was built'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nubnáyθī''
| ''nubnáyθa''
| ''nubnáyθe''
| ''nubnė́''
| ''nubnė́θ''
| ''nubnáynė''
| ''nubnáyθum''
| ''nubnáyθin''
| ''nubnė́w''
| ''nubnáyna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔubbėnḗ''
| ''tubbėnḗ''
| ''tubbėnī́''
| ''yubbėnḗ''
| ''yubbėnī́''
| ''nubbėnḗ''
| ''tubbėnū́''
| ''tubbėnḗna''
| ''yubbėnū́''
| ''yubbėnḗna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔubbanḗ''
| ''tubbanḗ''
| ''tubbanī́''
| ''yubbanḗ''
| ''yubbanī́''
| ''nubbanḗ''
| ''tubbanū́''
| ''tubbanḗna''
| ''yubbanū́''
| ''yubbanḗna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔubbanénna''
| ''tubbanénna''
| ''tubbanínna''
| ''yubbanénna''
| ''yubbanínna''
| ''nubbanénna''
| ''tubbanúnna''
| ''tubbanēnánna''
| ''yubbanúnna''
| ''yubbanēnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúbbane''
| ''túbbane''
| ''túbbanī''
| ''yúbbane''
| ''yúbbanī''
| ''núbbane''
| ''túbbanū''
| ''túbbanēna''
| ''yúbbanū''
| ''yúbbanēna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''hubbanḗ!''
| ''hubbanī́!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hubbanū́!''
| ''hubbanḗna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mubbanḗ''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nubnė́θ''
|}
 
===''φaȝȝēl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''dammė́'' 'he likened, he modeled (sth after sth)'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past; conditional
| ''dammī́θī''
| ''dammī́θa''
| ''dammī́θe''
| ''dammė́''
| ''dammė́θ''
| ''dammī́nė''
| ''dammī́θum''
| ''dammī́θin''
| ''dammū́''
| ''dammī́na''
|-
! present
| ''ʔadamėmḗ''
| ''θadamėmḗ''
| ''θadamėmī́''
| ''yadamėmḗ''
| ''yadamėmī́''
| ''nadamėmḗ''
| ''θadamėmū́''
| ''θadamėmḗna''
| ''yadamėmū́''
| ''yadamėmḗna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔadammḗ''
| ''θadammḗ''
| ''θadammī́''
| ''yadammḗ''
| ''yadammī́''
| ''nadammḗ''
| ''θadammū́''
| ''θadammḗna''
| ''yadammū́''
| ''yadammḗna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔadamménna''
| ''θadamménna''
| ''θadammínna''
| ''yadamménna''
| ''yadammínna''
| ''nadamménna''
| ''θadammúnna''
| ''θadammēnánna''
| ''yadammúnna''
| ''yadammēnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔadámme''
| ''θadámme''
| ''θadámmī''
| ''yadámme''
| ''yadámmī''
| ''nadámme''
| ''θadámmū''
| ''θadámmēna''
| ''yadámmū''
| ''yadámmēna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''dammḗ!''
| ''dammī́!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''dammū́!''
| ''dammḗna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mudammḗ''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''dammū́y''
|}
 
===''fuȝȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''dummė́'' 'it was likened, it was modeled (after sth)'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past; conditional
| ''dummayθī''
| ''dummayθa''
| ''dummayθe''
| ''dummė́''
| ''dummė́θ''
| ''dummáynė''
| ''dummáyθum''
| ''dummáyθin''
| ''dummė́w''
| ''dummáyna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔadumėmḗ''
| ''θadumėmḗ''
| ''θadumėmī́''
| ''yadumėmḗ''
| ''yadumėmī́''
| ''nadumėmḗ''
| ''θadumėmū́''
| ''θadumėmḗna''
| ''yadumėmū́''
| ''yadumėmḗna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔadummḗ''
| ''θadummḗ''
| ''θadummī́''
| ''yadummḗ''
| ''yadummī́''
| ''nadummḗ''
| ''θadummū́''
| ''θadummḗna''
| ''yadummū́''
| ''yadummḗna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔadumménna''
| ''θadumménna''
| ''θadummínna''
| ''yadumménna''
| ''yadummínna''
| ''nadumménna''
| ''θadummúnna''
| ''θadummēnánna''
| ''yadummúnna''
| ''yadummēnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔadúmme''
| ''tadúmme''
| ''tadúmmī''
| ''yadúmme''
| ''yadúmmī''
| ''nadúmme''
| ''tadúmmū''
| ''tadúmmēna''
| ''yadúmmū''
| ''yadúmmēna''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=10| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mudummḗ''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''siθėθ''
|colspan=10| ''-''
|}
|}
The other binyanim are similarly affected and have different conjugations based on whether the verb is of the form -C2ēC3 or -C2āC3. The part of the verb after C2 is affected by this irregularity.


==3-w==
==3-w==
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ō'' from ''*-awa'' and ''-ū'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iwu''.
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ȯ'' from ''*-awa'' and ''-ū'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iwu''.
===Binyan 1a===
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:900px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''manō'' 'he counted'
|+ ''manȯ́'' 'he counted'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 1sg
Line 196: Line 898:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''manawθī''
| ''manáwθī''
| ''manawθa''
| ''manáwθa''
| ''manawθi''
| ''manáwθe''
| ''manō''  
| ''manȯ́''  
| ''manōθ''  
| ''manȯ́θ''  
| ''manawnė''
| ''manáwnė''
| ''manawθum''  
| ''manáwθum''  
| ''manawθin''  
| ''manáwθin''  
| ''manū''  
| ''manū́''  
| ''manė''
| ''manáwna''
|-
|-
! nonpast
! present
| ''ʔamnū''
| ''ʔamėnṓ''
| ''tamnū''
| ''θamėnṓ''
| ''tamnī''
| ''θamėnī́''
| ''yamnū''
| ''yamėnṓ''
| ''yamnī''
| ''yamėnī́''
| ''namnū''
| ''namėnṓ''
| ''tamnū''
| ''θamėnū́''
| ''tamnė''
| ''θamėnṓna''
| ''yamnū''
| ''yamėnū́''
| ''yamnė''
| ''yamėnṓna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔamnṓ''
| ''θamnṓ''
| ''θamnī́''
| ''yamnṓ''
| ''yamnī́''
| ''namnṓ''
| ''θamnū́''
| ''θamnṓna''
| ''yamnū́''
| ''yamnṓna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔamnunna''
| ''ʔamnónna''
| ''tamnunna''
| ''θamnónna''
| ''tamnīnna''
| ''θamnínna''
| ''yamnunna''
| ''yamnónna''
| ''yamnīnna''
| ''yamnínna''
| ''namnunna''
| ''namnónna''
| ''tamnūnna''
| ''θamnúnna''
| ''tamnėnna''
| ''θamnōnánna''
| ''yamnūnna''
| ''yamnúnna''
| ''yamnėnna''
| ''yamnōnánna''
|-
|-
! jussive
! jussive
| ''ʔamnu''
| ''ʔámnu''
| ''tamnu''
| ''θámnu''
| ''tamnī''
| ''θámnī''
| ''yamnu''
| ''yámnu''
| ''yamnī''
| ''yámnī''
| ''namnu''
| ''námnu''
| ''tamnū''
| ''θámnū''
| ''tamnė''
| ''θámnōna''
| ''yamnū''
| ''yámnū''
| ''yamnė''
| ''yámnōna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''manū!''
| ''munṓ!''
| ''manī!''
| ''munī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''manū!''
| ''munū́!''
| ''manė!''
| ''munṓna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''mėnū''
|colspan=10| ''mėnṓ''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
Line 264: Line 978:
|colspan=10| ''minėθ''
|colspan=10| ''minėθ''
|}
|}
Other binyanim are affected similarly. The part after the C2 is affected.
==3-ʔ==
==3-ȝ and 3-ħ==
==Hollow==
==Geminate==
IlL
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