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''' | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|image = | |||
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis]] | |||
|nativename = K̔uamništ | |||
|pronunciation = | |||
|region = Kyrgyzstan, parts of Uzbekistan | |||
|familycolor=Indo-European | |||
|fam1=Indo-European | |||
|fam2=[[Azalic]] | |||
|script=Latin script | |||
}} | |||
'''K̔uamništ''' (natively ''K̔uamništ goč̔'' /kʰuəmniʃt goʰtʃ/) is an [[Azalic]] language. It is significantly more agglutinative than English. | |||
K̔uamništ has two dialects, a Southern one (leniting of medial aspirated stops to ''h'', turning some umlauted vowels in Proto-Azalic into long vowels), and a Northern one which has ejectives. | |||
It's in a sprachbund with [[Kwenya]], a Hellenic language, and [[Anorite]], a Semitic language. | |||
Khuamnisht and Greek are the classical languages of Buddhism in Lõis. | |||
==Phonology== | |||
à /ɔ/ | |||
o may be /œ/ | |||
p̔ t̔ c̔ č̔ k̔ /pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʃʰ kʰ/ | |||
v x y /v x j/ | |||
==Some sound changes== | |||
Initial *a (from initial PAzal *o) -> ya in some words (koineized) | |||
PAzal *ə -> e | |||
xuan, tà, t̔ria, p̔rur, p̔àx, šak, šavt, yaxt, nin, caxen | |||
erkencaš, t̔ricaš, p̔rucaš, p̔àxcaš, šacaš, šavencaš, yaxcaš, nivcaš, k̔en | |||
1000: t̔usk̔en | |||
==Morphology== | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
K̔uamništ nouns fall into three declension classes. First declension nouns pluralize by slenderizing their final consonants, and second declension nouns pluralize by adding final ''-e''. Most nouns belong to the third declension, where nouns pluralize in ''-t̔'' or ''-et̔''. | |||
Nouns in K̔uamništ have ten cases: ergative, absolutive, genitive, dative, instrumental, comitative, essive, locative, translative and distributive. | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Unlike nouns, adjectives do not inflect. | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|+Verb conjugation | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Weak: ''lov'' 'love' | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Strong: ''bent'' 'bind' | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Semi-strong: ''k̔olt'' 'grasp' | |||
|- | |||
! Imperative | |||
| ''lov!'' || ''bent!'' || ''k̔olt!'' | |||
|- | |||
! Present progressive | |||
| ''lovaš'' || ''bentaš'' || ''k̔oltaš'' | |||
|- | |||
! Present habitual and aorist | |||
| ''lovel'' || ''bentel'' || ''k̔oltel'' | |||
|- | |||
! Preterite | |||
| ''ollovaš'' || ''ebbentaš'' || ''okk̔oltaš'' | |||
|- | |||
! Subjunctive (PAz irrealis + *wekw-) | |||
| ''ollovač̔aš'' || ''ebbentač̔aš'' || ''okk̔oltač̔aš'' | |||
|- | |||
! Future (PAz irrealis + *h2el-) | |||
| ''lovlaš'' || ''bentlaš'' || ''k̔oltlaš'' | |||
|- | |||
! Perfect (PAz stative + *steh2-) | |||
| ''lovt̔aš'' || ''bentt̔aš'' || ''k̔oltt̔aš'' | |||
|- | |||
! Pluperfect (PAz stative + *ste-steh2-) | |||
| ''lovsat̔aš'' || ''bentsat̔aš'' || ''k̔oltsat̔aš'' | |||
|- | |||
! Active part. | |||
| ''lovnt̔'' || ''bentnt̔'' || ''k̔oltnt̔'' | |||
|- | |||
! Passive part. | |||
| ''lovad'' || ''bentad'' || ''k̔oltad'' | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | |||
Inspiration: poetic English, Urdu | |||
Khuamnisht syntax is SOV head-initial like [[Anorite]], but may be OSV or very occasionally SVO. Imperative and optative clauses use VSO syntax. | |||
Khuamnisht is never pro-drop: ''Yet ye sebedžàt̔as!'' "Eat the vegetables!" | |||
[[Category:Azalic languages]] | |||