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Tevrés: Difference between revisions
→Conjugation
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==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
===Conjugation=== | ===Conjugation=== | ||
Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], depending on the arguments present. When the | |||
Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, and the patient, theme, or recipient is in the dative-accusative case. When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the ergative-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient. In both of these cases, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped. If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient). The chart below details how arguments align in each paradigm. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment | |||
|- | |||
! Verb paradigm: | |||
! colspan="6" | 1<br>nominative | |||
! colspan="6" | 2<br>ergative | |||
! colspan="6" | 3<br>split | |||
|- | |||
! Valency: | |||
! ''in.'' | |||
! colspan="2" | ''tr.'' | |||
! colspan="3" | ''di.'' | |||
! ''in.'' | |||
! colspan="2" | ''tr.'' | |||
! colspan="3" | ''di.'' | |||
! ''in.'' | |||
! colspan="2" | ''tr.'' | |||
! colspan="3" | ''di.'' | |||
|- | |||
! Noun argument: | |||
! S | |||
! A | |||
! P | |||
! D | |||
! T | |||
! R | |||
! S | |||
! A | |||
! P | |||
! D | |||
! T | |||
! R | |||
! S | |||
! A | |||
! P | |||
! D | |||
! T | |||
! R | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Noun case: | |||
| colspan="2" | <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DG}}</span></big> | |||
| <big><span style="color:#800000">{{interlinear|DA}}</span></big> | |||
| <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DG}}</span></big> | |||
| colspan="2" | <big><span style="color:#800000">{{interlinear|DA}}</span></big> | |||
| <small>N/A</small> | |||
| <big><span style="color:grey">{{interlinear|EA}}</span></big> | |||
| <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DG}}</span></big> | |||
| <big><span style="color:grey">{{interlinear|EA}}</span></big> | |||
| <big><span style="color:#800000">{{interlinear|DA}}</span></big> | |||
| colspan="3" | <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DG}}</span></big> | |||
| <big><span style="color:#800000">{{interlinear|DA}}</span></big> | |||
| <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DG}}</span></big> | |||
| colspan="2" | <big><span style="color:#800000">{{interlinear|DA}}</span></big> | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Verb agreement: | |||
| ✔︎ | |||
| ✔︎ | |||
| ✖︎ | |||
| ✔︎ | |||
| ✖︎ | |||
| ✖︎ | |||
| <small>N/A</small> | |||
| ✖︎ | |||
| ✔︎ | |||
| ✖︎ | |||
| ✖︎ | |||
| ✔︎ | |||
| ✔︎ | |||
| ✖︎ | |||
| ✔︎ | |||
| ✖︎ | |||
| ✖︎ | |||
| ✔︎ | |||
|} | |||
It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person. | It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person. | ||
There are four conjugation classes in Tevrés, characterised by the vowel (or lack there of) used to form the infinitive. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||
|+caption | Transitive verb endings | |+caption | Transitive verb endings | ||