Eḥeiθymmen Amran: Difference between revisions

 
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{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran'''<br />[ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran'''<br />[ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.rym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
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===Etymology===
===Etymology===


'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.  
'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.  


Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".
Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".
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There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.
There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.


'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''
'''1. The consonant moves to a fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''


* t → θ
* t → θ
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* g → ɣ
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç
* h → ḥ = ç
* s → h


'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''
'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==


'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.
'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.


{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
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! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | first radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | second radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | third radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}
|}
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* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)


Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.
Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.


Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.
Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.
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===Tense===
===Tense===


Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.
Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction.  


'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.
'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.


The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.
The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.


Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:
Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:


* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3'''


{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''-<br>-'''1u2a3'''-<sup>1</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''<br>-'''1u2a3'''<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''-<br>-'''i2e3'''-<sup>2</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''<br>-'''i2e3'''<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''-<br>-'''1ei3i'''-<sup>3</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''<br>-'''1ei3i'''<sup>3</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''-<br>-'''S1a3'''-<sup>4</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''<br>-'''S1a3'''<sup>4</sup>
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3<br>1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3-<br>-1u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3<br>i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3<br>-i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''-<br>-1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''<br>-1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''-<br>-1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''<br>-1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''-<br>-'''1ei3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''<br>-'''1ei3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3<br>S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3-<br>-S1'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''
|}
|}


Line 602: Line 607:
===Voice===
===Voice===


Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.  
Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.  
 
When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.  


'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:  
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:  
Line 726: Line 733:
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjad''
| '''dhye-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 1st
Line 746: Line 753:
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
Line 758: Line 765:
|-
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad''
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
! {{small|Feminine}}
Line 791: Line 798:
|-
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad''
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
! {{small|Neuter}}
Line 801: Line 808:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
|-
Line 816: Line 823:
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
| rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
|  
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
! {{small|Inclusive}}
Line 836: Line 843:
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
|  
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
! {{small|Masculine}}
Line 848: Line 855:
|-
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð''
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
|  
! {{small|Feminine}}
! {{small|Feminine}}
|  
|  
Line 881: Line 888:
|-
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
|  
! {{small|Neuter}}
! {{small|Neuter}}
|  
|  
Line 891: Line 898:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|  
|  
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}
 
 
While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.
 
{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|  
|  
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|  
|  
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
Line 1,198: Line 918:
! {{small|Inclusive}}
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
! {{small|Inclusive}}
Line 1,214: Line 934:
! {{small|Masculine}}
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
! {{small|Masculine}}
Line 1,226: Line 946:
! {{small|Feminine}}
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
Line 1,269: Line 989:
! colspan="2" | 4th
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}
|}


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'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.  
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.  


* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
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==Particles==
==Particles==
* '''α''' participle: '''i1e23i'''
* '''β''' participle: '''i12e3''' or '''i12i3'''


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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