Eḥeiθymmen Amran: Difference between revisions

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran'''<br />[ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.rym.mɛː ˈam.ran]

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self.  Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.  

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

'''1. The consonant moves to a fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ

| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix

| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong

| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''

| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong

| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''

| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong

| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''

| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong

| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''∅-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

 

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

 

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i'''

* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3'''

 

|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''

! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective

| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''

 

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.  

! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective  

| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3-<br>-1u2'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3<br>-i2'''e'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''<br>-1'''e'''i3'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''<br>-1'''ew'''i3'''y'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''<br>-'''1ei3e'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L

| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3-<br>-S1'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''

! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J

! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots

| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.  

 

When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.  

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"

|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''

! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |  

! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive

! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots

| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable

! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''

! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable

! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3'''<br>'''Lei2e3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3'''<br>'''Lei1e3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''

! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''

! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''

! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''

! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''

! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.  

|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''

| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''

| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''

| '''dhye-'''''reiði''

| '''dhua-'''''rjad''

| '''ive-'''''reiði''

| '''ive-'''''rjeð''

| '''me-'''''reiði''

| '''me-'''''rjad''

| '''ē-'''''reiði''

| '''ā-'''''rjad''

| '''ente-'''''reiði''

| '''anta-'''''rjad''

| '''ente-'''''reiði''

| '''anta-'''''rjad''

| '''ente-'''''reiði''

| '''anta-'''''rjad''

| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''

| rowspan="2" |  

| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''

|  

| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''

|  

| '''me-'''''rauðu''

|  

| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''

|  

| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''

|  

| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''

|  

| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''

|  

| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''

| '''ive-'''''reiðe''

| '''me-'''''reiðe''

| '''ente-'''''reiðe''

| '''ente-'''''reiðe''

| '''ente-'''''reiðe''

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''

* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''

* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''