Volapűük nulíik: Difference between revisions

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===Orthography===

===Consonants===

===Vowels===

===Prosody===

====Stress====

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===

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===Morphophonology===

==Morphology==

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'''Adjectives'''  

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"We are twenty men."

The category of nouns encompasses all words that denote concrete and abstract objects, persons, animals, plants, feelings, and concepts. Noun is the basic category of words, since each adjective, verb, and so on is based on a nominal root and derived from it. Nouns inflect for case, number, and possession and may receive further conjunctive/modal particles

Nouns inflect for number, meaning they indicate whether a noun appears as a single entity (singular), as a pair/in two (dual), or in more than one entity (plural). Each number has a specific marker:  

Since the singular is a category that almost any object, person, animal, idea, or anything else can appear in, it is considered the 'default' category and remains unmarked. This is also true for most natural languages, where there is no explicit suffix denoting a single unit of something. However, there are languages, such as Welsh, which provide a singular suffix for nouns that normally denominate entities that exist in conglomeration, e.g. the trees of a forest ''coed'', where a single tree is derived from the whole via the suffix -en, thus giving ''coeden'' 'a tree'. This system does not apply to Volapȕük nulíik. Every noun has the default numerical value 1, and thus is in the singular by default. The second suffix for the singular number is actually a suffix occasionally used, e.g. for poetic purposes or when a speaker wants to stress the singularity of a noun. The dual suffix has a correspondence with the number word for 'two' ''tel''. It can appear in a voiced alternative, which evolved as a result of voiced surrounding consonants. This applies also to the plural marker ''s'', which alternates with ''z''. In personal endings there is also the alternation -š-/-ž- which evolved due to phonological changes.

'''Volapȕük nulíik''' has a complex set of cases. The complexity arises from a set of nine primary cases, which exist independently but can also be combined with a set of prefixes of local, temporal, or abstract function. This combination creates more than seventy different cases, which can not all be named and are not all actually regarded as cases of their own.  

The category ''Prefix'' encompasses a wide range of lexical elements that have two things in common:  

||ka- || kavaléek || than [comparison] || dative (comparative) || kavlenéba || than my friend  

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||bi- || bivaléek || because of [causation] || dative (direct causative effect) || bizdoné || because of the stone (the stone fell and the vase broke)  

||ba- || bavalúuk || according to [written text] || essive (quotative) || ballonú || according to the law (as it is written)

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Determiners are used to specify a noun. In Volapȕük nulíik they follow the noun immidiately but in contrast to derivational suffixes they do never take the stress of the word which reminds before or after the determiner.

! Suffix !! Etymology !! Meaning !! Example !! Person !! Translation !! Place !! Translation

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||-ek || ek < *et || that || dóomek "that house" || pösóodek || that one / that man || tóopek || that place / the place there  

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||-ot || ot < *ot || same || dóomot "the same house" || pösóodot || the same person || tóopot || the same place

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===''Posession''===

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===''Modal particles''===

||-(g)ee || and || Petéer Páulee || Peter and Paul

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||-(g)uu || or || Petéer Páuluu || Peter or Paul

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||-ba || maybe, perheps || ? || ?

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||-(g)ii || too, also || Petéerii || Peter, too