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Volapűük nulíik: Difference between revisions

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Volapűük nulíik (view source)

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===''Examples / sáams''===
===''Examples / sáams''===


kozdudannotúbabagee
kozdudannotúbabagèe


ko-STUDAN-[n]ot-ú-ba-ba-ee
ko-STUDAN-[n]ot-ú-bi-ba-èe


with-STUDENT-all-ess.-1.sg.-gen.-maybe-and
with-STUDENT-all-ess.-1.sg.-acc.-maybe-and


"and maybe with all my students"
"and maybe with all my students"




kååpáfa mevaabotúnotiguu
kååpáfa mevaabotúnotigùu


kååp-á-f-a | me-FAAB-ot-ú-n-o-ti-uu
kååp-á-f-a | me-FAAB-ot-ú-n-o-ti-uu
Line 2,050: Line 2,050:
|| [-Cäm] || deggäm [1.000.000] || tummäm [100.000.000.000] || milläm [1.000.000.000.000.000.000]
|| [-Cäm] || deggäm [1.000.000] || tummäm [100.000.000.000] || milläm [1.000.000.000.000.000.000]
|-
|-
|| [-Cev] ||
|| [-Cev] || deggev [10.000.000] || tummev [100.000.000.000.000] || millev [1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000]
|-
|-
|| [-Cöš] ||
|| [-Cöš] || deggöš [100.000.000] || tummöš [10.000.000.000.000.000] || millöš [1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000]
|-
|-
|| [-Cüts] ||
|| [-Cüts] || deggüts [1.000.000.000] || tummüts [1.000.000.000.000.000.000] || millüts [1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000]
|-
|-
|| [-Ceg/-Ced] ||
|| [-Ceg/-Ced] || deggeg/degged [10.000.000.000] tummeg / tummed [100.000.000.000.000.000.000] || milleg / milled [1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000]
|}
|}


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méet [metre] + Cet > *méettet > mettéet 'squaremetre' [m.-et]
méet [metre] + Cet > *méettet > mettéet 'squaremetre' [m.-et]
metíil [kilometre] + Cet > *metiillet > metilléet 'squarekilometre' [mm.-et]
metáak [centimetre] + Cet > *metaakket > metakkéet 'squarecentimetre' [mdg.-et]




méet [metre] + Cik > *méettik > mettíik 'cubic metre' [m.-ik]
méet [metre] + Cik > *méettik > mettíik 'cubic metre' [m.-ik]
metáak [centimetre] + Cik > *metaakkik > metakkíik 'cubic centimetre' [mdg.-ik]
metíll [kilometre] + Cik > *metiillik > metillíik 'cubic kilometre' [mm.-ik]




Since numeral expressions follow the noun, kilo-, mega - a.s.o. are expressed in the format ''unit of measurement''[partitive] + numeral expression. Examples:
Since numeral expressions follow the noun, kilo-, mega - a.s.o. are expressed in the format ''unit of measurement''[partitive] + numeral expression. Examples:


kilometre:


dammetá [metre, part.] + mil > dammetamíil [mm.] 'kilometre' [coll. metíil]  
dammetá [metre, part.] + mil > dammetamíil [mm.] 'kilometre' [coll. metíil]  
Line 2,084: Line 2,095:




dametá [metre, part.] + dađegá > dametadađegáak [mdđ.] 'centimetre' [coll. međáak]  
dametá [metre, part.] + dađegá > dametadađegáak [mdđ.] 'dekametre' [coll. međáak]
 
 
dametá [metre, part.]+ dađeggetá > dametadeggetáak [mdg.] 'centimetre' [coll. metáak]




dametá [metre, part.] + dammilá > dametadammiláak [mdm.] 'millimetre' [coll. memáak]  
dametá [metre, part.] + dammilá > dametadammiláak [mdm.] 'millimetre' [coll. memáak]  
dametá [metre, part.] + dammilletá > dametadammilletáak [mdmt.] 'micrometre' [coll. meláak]
dametá [metre, part.] + dadummulá > dametadadummuláak [mdtl.] 'nanometre' [coll. medáak]




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daghramämá [ton, part.] + millik > daghramämamillíik [gmk.]  'gigawatt' [coll. gramämíik]
daghramämá [ton, part.] + millik > daghramämamillíik [gmk.]  'gigaton' [coll. gramämíik]


==='''Verbs/Dunavȍöds'''===
==='''Verbs/Dunavȍöds'''===
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|-
|-
||pri- || <prim- || to start || Prillärngábin Volapük nulikí. 'I start learning Volapȕük nulíik.'
||pri- || <prim- || to start || Prillärngábin Volapük nulikí. 'I start learning Volapȕük nulíik.'
|-
||ro- || <rop- || to interrupt || Rozbikodpábem Hyacinthé. 'I interrupt my conversation with Hyacinth [and continue it later].'
|-
|-
||fi- || <fin- || to end || Firreedgébinfò bukakí. 'I have finally reading this book.'  
||fi- || <fin- || to end || Firreedgébinfò bukakí. 'I have finally reading this book.'  
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|-
|-
||slu- || <slud- || to decide || Slummerikiglém. 'He has taken the decision to go to America.'
||slu- || <slud- || to decide || Slummerikiglém. 'He has taken the decision to go to America.'
|-
||se- || <sed- || to let, to have done || Sebeneddenbámeb. 'He has the letter written by me.'
|-
||ke- || <koed- || to permit, to refuse to prevent || Keđeadgȁfim. 'She let him die.' [she did nothing to prevent him from dying]
|-
||le- ||<lead- || to permit, to allow || Lenniveriglépsib. 'I was allowed to enter university.' [to enroll in studies]
|}
|}


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!valence marker !! suffixes !! case suffix filled in slot VIII !! translation  
!valence marker !! suffixes !! case suffix filled in slot VIII !! translation  
|-
|-
|| accusative || -k- / -g-  || -i- || normally direct object
|| accusative || -k- / -g-  || -i- || normally direct object [also used for negated verbal complexes where it corresponds with genitive.]
|-
|-
|| dative || -p- / -b- || -e- || indirect object, benefective
|| dative || -p- / -b- || -e- || indirect object, benefective, obligative for passive voice
|-
|-
|| accusative-dativ || -f- / -v- || -i- / -e- || direct & indirect object are given
|| accusative-dativ || -f- / -v- || -i- / -e- || direct & indirect object are given
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The object of verbs of transformation / abstraction are rendered in this slot via the tranlative, exlative and essive case.
The object of verbs of transformation / abstraction are rendered in this slot via the tranlative, exlative and essive case.
The origin of these suffixes is rather obscure. -p- / -b- seems to be related to the passive prefix ''p-'' and and therefore at the beginning it may have been used as a reinforcement of the passive voice. Later on the relation nominative - dative might have established and then, later on, it has become a valence marker.
The marker for accusative seems to be related to the deictic suffix -k. Probably this suffix was used as a shortening / ellipse structure: Logéb diní at. > Logéb diní ak. > Logéb dinakí. > Logkéb dinakí > Loggéb [dinakí.] > Loggéb diní. If this theory holds true, the suffix denoted at the beginning a definite object and only gradually changed to become a general valence marker. The structure with the direct object being inserted after the subject marker, which is standard nowadays "Loggébin diní." appears roughly at 1500 for the first time and becomes standard within ca. 200 - 300 years. The definite meaning vanishes and is now expressed via the deictic suffixes -ak / -et.


===''Slot IX / Bóok IX''===
===''Slot IX / Bóok IX''===
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|-
|-
||-sä || as if || ? || ?
||-sä || as if || ? || ?
|-
||-fä || if only || ? || ?
|-
|-
||-bo/-so || little, not much || Nollärnȁbdäälbo. || I did not study much yesterday.
||-bo/-so || little, not much || Nollärnȁbdäälbo. || I did not study much yesterday.
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|-
|-
||-sö || consequently, so || kvisinbábel, mövidádd. || I cook for you, so we both can eat [together].  
||-sö || consequently, so || kvisinbábel, mövidádd. || I cook for you, so we both can eat [together].  
|-
||-su || immediately || Robledabsugȍd kođogú gufpabemeegȍd! || Stop playing with the dog immediately and help me!
|}
|}


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This slot includes suffixes that make the whole following phrase a subordinated clauses. The syntax of subordinated and main clauses does not differ, the question if a clause is a main or a subordinated clause is rather marked by the presence or absence of a subordinated clause marker. A subordinated marker may receive a second stress.
This slot includes suffixes that make the whole following phrase a subordinated clauses. The syntax of subordinated and main clauses does not differ, the question if a clause is a main or a subordinated clause is rather marked by the presence or absence of a subordinated clause marker. A subordinated marker may receive a second stress.
{| class= "bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
!suffix !! meaning !! example !! translation
|-
||-bi ||because || Lüvgóbil löfkábilbì. || I leave you because I love you.
|-
||-do ||although || Plödiglábs reenánotdò. || We go outside, although it is raining there.
|-
||-da || that || Saggábin domimakmémda Markus. || I say that Markus has come from his home.
|-
||-ne || without || Lüvém dinonnagémne. || He has left without saying anything.]
|-
||-fi || if || ||
|-
||-ad || in order to || ||
|-
||-(i)bsä || unless || ||
|}


===''Slot XII / Bóok XII ''===
===''Slot XII / Bóok XII ''===
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||-Cif || *tifön || to steal || Kaparabbifél. kapar-ab-BIF-é-l 'You have stolen my goat.'
||-Cif || *tifön || to steal || Kaparabbifél. kapar-ab-BIF-é-l 'You have stolen my goat.'
|-
|-
||-Cin || *binön || to exist || Dawatakkináan niđärsätó. 'There is water in the dessert.' Niđärsätokkináan dawatá. 'In the desert, there is water.'
|-
||-Cüt || *mütön || to cause to do [by force] || Penedakkennütpépsem. 'They have forced him to write this letter.'
|-
||-Cun || *flunön || to influence s.o. || Penedakkennunbépsem. 'They have influenced him to write this letter.'
|-
||-Cag || *sagön || to say, to tell || Konottagbémeb. 'He has told me a story.
|}  
|}  


-Cüt / -Cun are also used to create causatives in Volap'üük nulíik.


Verbs of motion can also combine with placenames to indicate a motion to or from a certain place. These co-verb suffixes do take either the accusative (-i-) for a movement directed to the place or the dative (-e-) case for movement from this place. The Northern dialect will use the ablative (-ä-) here.  
Verbs of motion can also combine with placenames to indicate a motion to or from a certain place. These co-verb suffixes do take either the accusative (-i-) for a movement directed to the place or the dative (-e-) case for movement from this place. The Northern dialect will use the ablative (-ä-) here.  
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|-
|-
|| -sl- || *solu- || to die [in a place] || Moskovisléf. 'She has died in Moscow. [the original meaning 'to dissolve' was used as a metaphore of a soul that loses its connection to the material world when a a person dies. Since the original meaning implies a directional movement (dissolve into something), the placename appears in the accusative case.]
|| -sl- || *solu- || to die [in a place] || Moskovisléf. 'She has died in Moscow. [the original meaning 'to dissolve' was used as a metaphore of a soul that loses its connection to the material world when a a person dies. Since the original meaning implies a directional movement (dissolve into something), the placename appears in the accusative case.]
|-
|| -bl- || *ble- || to stay || domoblársöd! Stay at home!
|-
|-
|}  
|}  
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