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| '''Ábḫanni''' {{ábḫ-ipa|ábḫanni}} is a divergent [[Abhannic languages|Abhannic]] language, and is an isolate within this family, forming its own branch. | | '''Ábḫanni''' {{ábḫ-ipa|ábḫanni}} is an [[Abhannic languages|Abhannic]] language, and is an isolate within this family. |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
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| Ábḫanni has the following consonant phonemes: | | Ábḫanni has a rather asymmetric consonant inventory. It consists of the following: |
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| ! colspan="2" | | | ! colspan="2" | |
| ! Labial | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Labial |
| ! Dental or <br /> alveolar | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Dental or <br /> alveolar |
| ! Palatal or <br /> prepalatal | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Palatal or <br /> prepalatal |
| ! Velar | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Velar |
| ! Glottal | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Glottal |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" | Nasal | | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Nasal |
| | '''m''' <br /> {{IPA|/m/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' <br /> /m/ |
| | '''n''' <br /> {{IPA|/n̪/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' <br /> /n̪/ |
| | '''j''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɲ̟/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''j''' <br /> /ȵ/ |
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| ! rowspan="2" | Plosive | | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Plosive |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
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| | | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' <br /> /t̪/ |
| | '''t''' <br /> {{IPA|/t̪/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | |
| | | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' <br /> /k/ |
| | '''k''' <br /> {{IPA|/k/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | <br /> /ʔ/ |
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| ! <small>prenasalized</small> | | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Fricative |
| | '''mb''' <br /> {{IPA|/ᵐb/}} | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Unvoiced |
| | '''nd''' <br /> {{IPA|/ⁿd̪/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | |
| | | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''z''' <br /> /θ̱/ |
| | '''ng''' <br /> {{IPA|/ᵑɡ/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' <br /> /ɕ/ |
| | | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''ḫ''' <br /> /x/ |
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| ! rowspan="2" | Fricative | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Voiced |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| | | style="text-align: center;" | '''b''' <br /> /β/ |
| | | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''d''' <br /> /ð/ |
| | '''z''' <br /> {{IPA|/θ̱/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''jh''' <br /> /ʑ/ |
| | '''s''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɕ/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | |
| | '''ḫ''' <br /> {{IPA|/x/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' <br /> /ɦ/ |
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| ! <small>voiced</small>
| | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Liquid |
| | '''b''' <br /> {{IPA|/β/}}
| | | style="text-align: center;" | |
| | '''d''' <br /> {{IPA|/ð/}}
| | | style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' <br /> /ɺ/ |
| | '''jh''' <br /> {{IPA|/ʑ/}}
| | | style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' <br /> /j/ |
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| | '''h''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɦ/}}
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| ! colspan="2" | Liquid | |
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| | '''r''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɺ/}} | |
| | '''y''' <br /> {{IPA|/j/}} | |
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| |} | | |} |
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| '''Notes:'''
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| *The consonants {{IPA|/n̪/}}, {{IPA|/t̪/}}, {{IPA|/ⁿd̪/}}, and {{IPA|/θ̱/}} are denti-alveolar and laminal; {{IPA|/ð/}} is interdental and apical; and {{IPA|/ɺ/}} is alveolar and apical.
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| *{{IPA|/n̪/}} never occurs word-initially, where it was replaced at some point by {{IPA|/m/}}. For example, ''míkkar'' 'to rock (back and forth)' has an frequentative ''mbaníkkar'' 'to stumble around' formed by prefix ''mba-''. However, this word-initial {{IPA|/m/}}-{{IPA|/n̪/}} alteration is no longer productive, and hence forms such has ''zoimíkkar'' 'I saw that it rocked' exist when using productive morphology such as the evidential ''zoi-''.
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| *{{IPA|/n̪/}} becomes {{IPA|[ŋ]}} when preceding {{IPA|/k/}}.
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| *When ungeminated and preceding a stressed vowel, {{IPA|/ɲ̟/}} becomes the prenasalized voiced plosive {{IPA|[ᶮɟ̟]}}. It is written '''nj''' when geminated.
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| *{{IPA|/t̪/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} become {{IPA|[d̪]}} and {{IPA|[g]}}, respectively, when not geminated and following {{IPA|/n̪/}}.
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| *The prenasalized consonants only occur word-initially and are relatively uncommon.
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| *{{IPA|/ᵑɡ/}} becomes {{IPA|[ŋ]}} when not preceding a stressed or secondarily stressed vowel.
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| *The unvoiced dental fricative {{IPA|/θ̱/}} is a denti-alveolar nonsibilant fricative, i.e., a non-sibilant version of {{IPA|[s̪]}}.
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| *The phonemes {{IPA|/θ̱/}} and {{IPA|/ɕ/}} are subject to the assimilaton {{IPA|/ɕVθ̱/}} → {{IPA|/ɕVɕ/}}.
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| *When geminated, {{IPA|/β/}} becomes {{IPA|[pp]}} and is written '''pp'''.
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| *The voiced dental fricative {{IPA|/ð/}} is a true interdental fricative. This phoneme is very uncommon and its distribution is highly restricted, occuring only in {{IPA|/aˈðV/}} and {{IPA|/aˌðV/}} sequences.
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| *The consonant {{IPA|/ɺ/}} is generally pronounced as a lateral flap. It is subject to the anticipatory dissimilation {{IPA|/ɺVɺ/}} → {{IPA|/nVɺ/}}. Word-finally, this consonant is sometimes weakened to {{IPA|[ɦ]}}.
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| *The palatal approximant {{IPA|/j/}} has restricted distribution, occuring only sequences of the form {{IPA|/VjV/}} while adjacent to at least one {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|[ɪ̯]}}.
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
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| The vowel system of Ábḫanni is, described minimally, {{IPA|/i e ɔ a/}}, and features length and tone distinctions as well as diphthongs. The full set of vowel phonemes is as follows: | | The vowel system of Ábḫanni is, described minimally, as follows: |
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="2" | Front
| | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Front |
| ! colspan="2" | Back | | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Back or <br /> Central |
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| ! <small>short</small>
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| ! <small>long</small>
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| ! <small>short</small>
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| ! <small>long</small>
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| ! colspan="2" | Close | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Close |
| | '''i í''' <br /> {{IPA|/i í/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''i''' <br /> /i/ |
| | '''ii íi ií''' <br /> {{IPA|/iː îː ǐː/}}
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| ! rowspan="2" | Mid | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Mid |
| ! <small>pure</small>
| | | style="text-align: center;" | '''e''' <br /> /e/ |
| | '''e é''' <br /> {{IPA|/e é/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''o''' <br /> /ɔ/ |
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| | '''o ó''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɔ ɔ́/}}
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| ! <small>closing</small>
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| | '''ei éi eí''' <br /> {{IPA|/eːɪ̯ êːɪ̯ ěːɪ̯/}}
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| | '''oi ói''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɔɪ̯ ɔ́ɪ̯/}}
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| | '''ou óu oú''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɔːʊ̯ ɔ̂ːʊ̯ ɔ̌ːʊ̯/}} | |
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| ! rowspan="2" | Open
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| ! <small>pure</small>
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| | '''a á''' <br /> {{IPA|/a á/}} | |
| | '''aa áa aá''' <br /> {{IPA|/aː âː ǎː/}}
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| ! <small>closing</small> | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Open |
| | '''ai ái''' <br /> {{IPA|/aɪ̯ áɪ̯/}}
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| | '''aai áai aái''' <br /> {{IPA|/aːɪ̯ âːɪ̯ ǎːɪ̯/}} | | | style="text-align: center;" | '''a''' <br /> /ä/ |
| | '''ao áo''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɑɔ̯ ɑ́ɔ̯/}} | |
| | '''aao áao aáo''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɑːɔ̯ ɑ̂ːɔ̯ ɑ̌ːɔ̯/}} | |
| |} | | |} |
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