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Old Swuntsim: Difference between revisions
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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ('' | [[Sacred Swuntsim/Swadesh list]] | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''tiSxwəncim'') was the ancient [[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh language]] spoken by the Swuntsim people. It is still used as a liturgical language among [[Verse:Tricin/Swuntsim people|religious Swuntsim]]. | |||
Descendants: | Descendants: | ||
*[[ | *Modern [[Swuntsim]] | ||
*Naquian | *Naquian Swuntsim | ||
==GMP== | ==GMP== | ||
Tsimulh low tone > breathy voice (vowels not devoiced yet; devoiced vowels are partly merged) | Tsimulh low tone > breathy voice (vowels not devoiced yet; devoiced vowels are partly merged) | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Sacred Swuntsim lost Proto-Tsimulh tones. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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| | | | ||
| k | | k | ||
| | | kw | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| g | | g | ||
| | | gw | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| kʼ | | kʼ | ||
| | | kwʼ | ||
| qʼ | | qʼ | ||
| | | qwʼ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| š | | š | ||
| | | | ||
| | | xw | ||
| χ | | χ | ||
| | | χw | ||
| h | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| w | | w | ||
| | | ȝ | ||
| | | ȝw | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | |||
Clear vowels: ''i u ə a'' | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Noun classes==== | ====Noun classes==== | ||
Sacred | Sacred Swuntsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows: | ||
#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' | #''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' | ||
#''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' | #''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' | ||
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#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' | #''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' | ||
#''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' | #''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' | ||
#''gu-'', pl. '' | #''gu-'', pl. ''N-'' | ||
#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' | #''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' | ||
#''t-'' | #''t-'' | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Noun class prefixes==== | ====Noun class prefixes==== | ||
*I = '' | *I = ''kwə-/kw-'' | ||
*you (sg) = '' | *you (sg) = ''xwə-/xw-'' | ||
*we = ''wə-'' | *we = ''wə-'' | ||
*you (pl) = ''cu-'' | *you (pl) = ''cu-'' | ||
*Noun class prefixes: | *Noun class prefixes: | ||
*#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' | *#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-/c-'' | ||
*#''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' | *#''bu-'', pl. ''də-/d-'' | ||
*#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-'' | *#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-/əp-'' | ||
*#''s-'', pl. ''dus-'' | *#''s-'', pl. ''dus-'' | ||
*#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-'' | *#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-/pσ-'' | ||
*#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' | *#''ma-/mə-'', pl. ''əwə-/u-'' | ||
*#''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' | *#''k-/č-'', pl. ''abi-/əb-'' | ||
*#''gu-'', pl. '' | *#''gu-'', pl. ''N-'' | ||
*#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' | *#''σi-/σ-'', pl. ''wi-'' | ||
*#''t-'', no plural | *#''ti-/t-'', no plural | ||
*#''t’im-'', no plural | *#''t’im-'', no plural | ||
*#''pda-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural | *#''pda-/pdə-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural | ||
====Tense affixes==== | ====Tense affixes==== | ||
''-s'' - past tense | ''-s'' - past tense | ||
===Numbers=== | ===Numbers=== | ||
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]] | |||
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|* | |||