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{{Infobox language
{{construction}}
| name = ''Tevrés''
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
| altname = ''Hileranos''
|-
| nativename = ''lla çira tevressa''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés'''''<br><span style=font-size:18px;">'''''hilerán • lla iveta tevressa'''''</span>
| pronunciation = [ʎaˈs̻iɾa tevˈɾes̺a]
|-
|-
|creator=Limius
| '''Spoken in:''' || [[History of Avrid#Tevrén|Tevrén]]
|setting=''Avrid''
|-
|-
| region = Hileria
| '''Conworld:''' || [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]
| state = Tevrén
| ethnicity = Tevor
| familycolor= Maro-Ephenian
| fam2 = Iscaric
| fam3 = Aeranid
| fam4 = Southeast Epheno-Aeranid
| fam5 = Hilero-Aeranid
|ancestor=Proto-Maro-Ephenian
|ancestor2=Proto-Iscaric
|ancestor3=Aeranir
| ancestor4=Old Tevrés
|-
|-
| dia1 = Southern
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 12,000,000 (83 CA)
| dia2 = King's Court
| dia3 = Northern
| notice = IPA
|-
|-
| nation = Tevrén
| '''Genealogical classification:'''
| minority = Fasser, Ucilia, Lower Anderia
| [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- [[Aeranir]]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''''- Tevrés'''''
| agency = lla Axes llos Renes
|-
}}
| '''Basic word order:''' || [[w:V2 word order|V2]]
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Southern Aeranid Alignment
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''
|-
| Gaffney McCoy Flancer || Began: January 2020<br/>Status: In Progress
|-
|}


'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hileranos''' (/ileˈɾãnos̺/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla çira tevressa'') is a [[Southeast Ephenian Aeranid Language]] originating in the [[Çien-lli-Tevrén]] region of northern [[Hileria]], and has around 12 million speakers throughout the nation of [[Tevrén]], where it is the official language, as well as another 100 thousand speakers in [[Fasser]].
'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla iveta tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created for the home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria.  It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]].  It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.


Tevrés is a member of the [[Hilero-Aeranid group of languages]], which evolved from several dialects of [[Late Aeranir]] spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century [[BTC]].  Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BTC, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as [[Azcotive]] and [[Lludazfassín]].  Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-lli-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BTC into [[Tevrén Vuy]].
Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA.  Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in.  Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.


Tevrés is closely related to the [[Hilero-Vallic group of languages]] in the north east, such as [[Morrazol]].  It is less related to [[Ilesse]], which is spoken in the region of [[Ilea]].  Nevertheless, these languages are often conflated under the banner of 'Tevrés,' or more specifically 'Hileranos.'
The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled.  The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''.  The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead.  The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla iveta vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.
 
==Name of the Language==
 
The word ''[[Contionary:tevrés#Tevr.C3.A9s|tevrés]]'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōris'' (stress shifted to match accusative ''tibōrissin''), referring to the Tiborer, an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire.  The Tiborer also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''.
 
All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''[[Contionary:tevrés#Tevr.C3.A9s|tevrés]]''.  The term ''{{term|hileranos}}'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead.  The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çira}} {{term|vuya}}'' (proper language), ''[[Tevrés#Articles|llos]] {{term|tevrés}} {{term|vuis}}'' (proper Tevrés), or ''{{term|vuyanos}}'' in order to differentiate it from other ''{{term|hilerandre}}'' languages.
 
==History==
 
===Old Tevrés===
 
Old Tevrés refers to the Aeranid language spoken throughout Hileria before the Fasser invasion and throughout its high period.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 66: Line 48:
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m<br>/m/
| m
|
|
| n<br>/n/
| n
|
|
| ñ<br>/ɲ/
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Plosive
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
| p<br>/p/
! <small>voiceless</small>
| t<br>/t̪/
| p
| t̪
|
|
|
|
| ch<br>/tʃ/
| tʃ
| c, qu<br>/k/
| k
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Voiced non-sibilant<br>fricative
! <small>voiced</small>
| v, b<br>/v/
| b
| d<br>/ð/
| d̪
|
|
|
|
| y, hi<br>/ʝ/
| ɟ
| g, gu<br>/ɣ/
| g
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Sibilant
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| f<br>/f/
| f
| ç-, -ç-, -z<br>/s̻/
| s̻
| s-, -ss-, -s<br>/s̺/
| s̺
| tl-, -tll-, -tl <br>/ɬ/
| ɬ
| x<br>/ʃ/
| colspan="2" | ʃ~x~h
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
|
|
| -z-<br>/z̻/
| z̻
| -s-<br>/z̺/
| z̺
| -tl-<br>/ɮ/
| ɮ
| j, g<br>/ʒ/
| colspan="2" | ʒ~ɣ~ɦ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Rhotic
! rowspan="2" | Rhotic
Line 110: Line 91:
|
|
|
|
| r-, -rr- <br>/r/
| r
|
|
|
|
Line 118: Line 99:
|
|
|
|
| -r-, -r<br>/ɾ/
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
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|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Approximate
! colspan="2" | Approximate
| (hu)<br>(/w/)
| (w)
|  
|  
|
|
| l<br>/l/
| l
| ll<br>/ʎ/
| ʎ
| (hu)<br>(/w/)
| (w)
|}
|}


Line 142: Line 123:
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
! Close
| i<br>/i/
| i
|
|
| u<br>/u/
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
! Mid
| e<br>/e̞/
| e
|
|
| o<br>/o̞/
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
! Open
|
|
| a<br>/ä/
| a
|
|
|}
|}
=== Prosody ===
Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]].  This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules.  However, stress does follow a few basic rules;
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''.
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''zi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''.
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''').  Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor'').  Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed').


==Grammar==
=== Dialects ===


===Nouns===
Due to centuries of separation, the culture of Tevrén between the north and the south form a stark contrast.  This contrast is noticeable in many everyday aspects of life, including the way people speak.  Southern dialects of Aeranir are considered to be 'softer' and 'more breathy' then harsher northern varieties.  In addition, the language of the Court at Combrienes shows some novel innovation, merging [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced and voiceless]] [[w:Sibilant|sibilants]].  The following chart breaks down some of the key differences;


====Case====
{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
 
|+caption | Differences between northern and southern pronunciation
A regular noun in Tevrés belongs to one of three basic declension classes, a group of nouns with similar inflected forms. These classes are generally typified by the final vowel of the nominative and accusative cases.  Class I is identified by the letter -a, class II by -o, and class III by either an -e or a consonant.  However, there is significant variation within declension classes, and thus these are further divided into subclasses.
|-
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
! rowspan="5" |
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ç
| {{IPA-all|s̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|θ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| ''çeña'' ('love')
! ł, łł*
| {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɕ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| ''łana'' ('flower')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! z
| {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|ð|}}
| ''corezos'' ('counties')
! ł**
| {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ʑ|}}
| ''veła'' ('life')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s, ss*
| {{IPA-all|s̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|s|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| ''suel'' ('sky')
! x
| {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| {{IPA-all|h|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| ''Moxa'' (a name)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s**
| {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|z|}}
| ''hormesos'' ('salves')
! j
| {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɦ|}}
| ''oveja'' ('talk')
|}
'''Notes:'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.
* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant, and in some dialects word initially.


There are five Tevrés noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence by means of inflections.  These cases display a high degree of ''syncretism'', or identical endings shared between different cases.  This causes ambiguity, which is usually resolved either by use of articles, prepositions, context, or all of the above.  Some cases, such as the genitive, are used almost exclusively with the definite article; in indefinite constructions, the ablative plus the preposition ''el'' ("from") is used: ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} [[Tevrés#Articles|uy]] {{term|gom}}'' ("the wumbo's cat") versus ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} {{term|el}} {{term|goma}}'' ("a/some wumbo's cat"), alongside ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} {{term|gom}}''.
Speakers of northern Tevrés around the traditional homeland of the language, Çien-a-Tevrén, tend to realise all syllable final nasals as [ŋ], (e.g. ''Tevrén'' /tevˈɾen/: <small>Northern</small> {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽŋ|}}, <small>Southern</small> {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽn|}}; ''cantir'' /kanˈtiɾ/: <small>Northern</small> {{IPA-all|kãŋˈtiɾ|}}, <small>Southern</small> {{IPA-all|kãnˈtiɾ|}}).  This trait is shared with the Hilero-Iscaric languages to the northwest of Çien-a-Tevrén, and may be an aerial feature.


Tevrés syntax is far less dependant on word order than English because of these cases.  Thus "the dog chases the cat" may be either ''[[Tevrés#Articles|llos]] {{term|çievre}} [[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} {{term|cossa}}'' or ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} [[Tevrés#Articles|llos]] {{term|çievre}} {{term|cossa}}''.
==== Conflation of /l/ and /ɮ/ ====


# '''Nominative''' — used when the noun is the subject.  The person or thing acting: the '''cat''' ran: '''''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}}''' {{term|cotllía}}''
Some speakers conflate /l/ and /ɮ/ into a single phoneme.  The realisation of this phoneme varies, and different conditions provoking different allophones.  In Velles this phoneme is realised as [l] word initially and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, whilst in Hodén it is [l] word initially, [ɮ] between vowels and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, and in Os Selum it is [ɬ] initially, finally, and before a voiceless obstruent, and [l] elsewhere.
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.  The person or thing acted upon: the wumbo drank the '''water''': ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|goma}} '''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|ota}}''' {{term|teuta}}''
# '''Dative''' — used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, or otherwise then the noun is effected by the action.  It may also be used for direction or location of movement or action; I gave a cat to my '''friend''': '''''{{term|garino}} {{term|tuyo}}''' {{term|çella}} {{term|teçía}}''; The cat went '''home''': ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} '''{{term|como}}''' {{term|vía}}''
# '''Genitive''' — used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object: "the horse of the wumbo", or "the wumbo's horse"; in both instances, the word man would be in the genitive case when it is translated into Tevrés.  It may also indicate the subject of a subjunctive clause; the '''wumbo's''' cat: ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} '''[[Tevrés#Articles|uy]] {{term|gom}}'''''; Avil likes the çat '''Huezco''' bought him: ''{{term|ável}} [[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} '''{{term|huez}}''' {{term|cota}} {{term|meyes}}''
# Ablative — used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument; the cat ran '''from the dog''': ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} '''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çievra}}''' {{term|cotllía}}''


=====Class I=====
==== Initial Sibilants ====


Nouns in class I end in -a in both the nominative and accusative singular cases and are mostly cyclical e.g. ''{{term|llaesta}}'' c.("luck") and ''{{term|pira}}'' c. ("wax"), with a small group of temporary nouns generally referring to occupations, e.g. ''{{term|coxazga}}'' t. ("courier").
Voicing does not contrast amongst final and initial sibilant consonants in Tevrés.  Final sibilants are almost always voiceless, although they are often voiced before other voiced consonants, and in some dialects they are voiced between vowels. Initial sibilants, however, are harder to generalise. There are two trends; either full voicing or full devoicing.  This varies dialect to dialect, within dialects from village to village, and even from speaker to speaker.  In dialects that have voiced initial sibilants and pronounce /z̻/ as [ð], such as the speech of Vazca, this phoneme is often completely conflated with /d/, appearing as [d] word initially and after nasals; e.g. ''della'' for ''çella'' ('cat').
 
Class I.a. represents the dominant paradigm of the declension.  Class I.b. is the result of the regular sound change of final -''o'' to -''e'' after a coronal consonant, merging the dative and genitive, but is otherwise identical to I.a..  Class I.c. is notable for ''epenthesis'', or the introduction of a sound, to the root in the nominative and dative plurals.
 
The singular genitive and plural accusative froms of ''{{term|frema}}'', ''{{term|frem}}'', also demonstrate the regular [[w:Apocope|apocope]], or dropping, of final unstressed -''e'' after a sonorant or -''d''.


==Nouns==
===Declension===
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I.a.
|+Class I noun endings
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|salva}}''<br>c. book, tome
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Plural
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="row" | Nominative
! scope="col" | Plural
| rowspan="2" | {{term|salva}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{term|salvra}}
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
|-
| ''-e''
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''-os''
| {{term|salve}}
| rowspan="3" | ''-a''
|-
| ''-as''
! scope="row" | Dative
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{term|salvo}}
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| {{term|salvra}}
| ''-o''
|-
| ''-on''
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''-an''
| {{term|salve}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{term|salvos}}
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
|-
| ''-a''
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''-os''
| {{term|salva}}
| ''-as''
| {{term|salvas}}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I.b.
|+Class II noun endings
|-
|-  
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|ota}}''<br>c. water
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Plural
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| rowspan="2" | {{term|ota}}
| {{term|otra}}
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| {{term|ote}}
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| rowspan="2" | {{term|ote}}
| {{term|otra}}
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| {{term|otos}}
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| {{term|ota}}
| {{term|otas}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I.c.
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|frema}}''<br>c. word, speech
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-es''
| ''-es''
|}
===Case===
Case in Tevrés is a somewhat complex affair.  There are three [[w:Grammatical case|noun cases]]; the direct-genitive, accusative-dative, and the indirect-ablative.  These cases can occupy different [[w:Thematic relation|thematic relation]] based on the verb paradigm in use in a given clause, as well as whether or not the argument is a part of a verbs ''core valency''.  Core valency is the minimum number of arguments a verb must take.  Each case has a core use, defined by the first half of its name, and a non-core use, defined by the second.  As stated, core uses deal with the noun's relation to the verb, whilst non-core uses tend to address a noun's relationship with other nouns.
==== Direct-genitive ====
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:genitive case|genitive]] case ({{interlinear|DIR}}) is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the nominative verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb.
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy cueres llavas
| DEF-T.DIR.SG count-DIR.SG laugh-IPFV.3SG.T
|'The count is laughing'}}
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ul as pruviós llo gotejo
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG steal-PFV.3SG.T DEF-T.ACC.SG cap-ACC.SG
|'The wumbo stole the cap'}}
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy vuestre zón priezon llo riel
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}
It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of the verb.  Because the ergative paradigm is triggered by a first or second person patient, this role is generally limited to the first and second persons  pronouns.  Furthermore, as Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] these arguments are usually dropped.  However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the direct-genitive.
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego oyel lla harina
| 1SG-DIR.EMP see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG
|'The priest sees me'}}
There are cases where this might be used by nouns other than the first and second person pronouns.  The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person.
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego uy res sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, the king?}}
Some argue that this is not a true appositive, rather a genitive appositive as in Japanese or Ancient Greek.  One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped.  However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an patientive meaning, as they must agree with the head.
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego ne queñid sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR 2SG-ACC love-PFV.PTCP-T.DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}
The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns.  In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''.  Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example.
Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions.  The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object.  Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant.
{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Direct-genitive-modifying prepositions
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
! Regular
| rowspan="2" | {{term|frema}}
! with ''a'' (to)
| {{term|frembra}}
! with eu (from)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''harena-uy-vuestre''<br>the elder's letter
| {{term|frem}}
| ''harena-'''al'''-vuestre''<br>a letter to the elder
| ''harena-'''el'''-vuestre''<br>a letter from the elder
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''uy-vies-uy-cueres''<br>the count's law
| {{term|fremo}}
| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueres''<br>the law which governs the count
| {{term|frembra}}
| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueres''<br> the law the count creates
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''lla-rentaga-uy-mader''<br>the council's ruler
| {{term|frem}}
| ''lla-rentaga-'''al'''-mader''<br>the ruler who controls the council
| {{term|fremos}}
| ''lla-rentaga-'''el'''-mader''<br>the ruler the council controls
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''lla-toladre-uy-res''<br>the king's army
| {{term|frema}}
| ''lla-toladre-'''al'''-res''<br>the army belonging to the king
| {{term|fremas}}
| ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res''<br>the army sent after the king
|}
|}


=====Class II=====
==== Accusative-dative ====
 
The [[w:Accusative case|accusative]]-[[w:Dative case|dative]] case ({{interlinear |ACC}}) has limited use in the nominative and ergative verb paradigms, and is used only to mark the theme, or direct object, of ditransitive verbs.  However because of this, it is commonly seen in [[w:Applicative voice|applicative]] clauses.  In the nominative paradigm, the old indirect argument is moved to the accusative case, with the new applicative argument taking the indirect case.  In the ergative paradigm, the applicative argument is added directly into the accusative case.
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llo soriejo a-hego zi garinos
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends'
|c1 = (non applicative ''lla sorieja hego'')}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego en-oyel lla harina llo cuerço
| 1SG-DIR.EMP LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG market-ACC.SG
|'The priest sees me in the market'
|c1 = (non applicative ''tego oyel lla harina'')}}
 
The accusative-dative is used much more in the split verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of a transitive verb and both the theme and recipient of ditransitive ones.  On top of that, applicative arguments are also added in the accusative-dative case.  This may lead to situations where there are as many as three accusative-dative arguments in a clause.  In these cases, context is usually sufficient to tell which argument fulfils which role.
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| çi mientron a-jovan harenan
| REFL-DIR sibling-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>write-3PL letter-ACC.PL
|'They write letters for their siblings'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| garinon co-teuden tin
| friend-ACC.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>drink-PFV.3PL tea-ACC.SG
|'They drank tea with friends'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tan en-cares juina zi combre
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| avron en-canta llan zellan lla yumas
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}}
 
==== Indirect-ablative ====
 
The [[w:Direct case|indirect]]-[[w:Ablative case|ablative]] case ({{interlinear |IND}}) is used to mark core arguments of a verb exclusively in the nominative and ergative paradigms.  It is never used with intransitive verbs, because is appearance depends on the person of the direct-genitive argument.  In the nominative paradigm, it marks the patient of a transitive verb and the recipient of a ditransitive verb.  In the ergative paradigm, it marks the agent and the donor.  Additionally the indirect-ablative case is used for applicative arguments in the nominative paradigm, with the old indirect-ablative argument moving into the accusative-dative case.
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| maeja caño
| breakfast-IND.SG eat-NOM.1SG
|'I will eat breakfast'
}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| lla cossa cañiólam tantos
| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL all-T.DIR.PL
|'The bear ate all of us'
}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ti muzrinon cantió cossa
| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG
| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'
}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| cosso cantiólam muzrina
| bear-ACC.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG
| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'
}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llon muzrinon a-cantió cosso ti ayestra
| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG
| 'I fed the enemies to a bear for my master'
}}


===Articles===
==== Definite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II.a.
|+Definite article
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|dievos}}''<br>t. lord, master
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|apo}}''<br>e. year, age
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
Line 280: Line 432:
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Plural
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Nominative
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| {{term|dievos}}
| ''ul/uy''
| {{term|dievre}}
| ''llos''
| rowspan="3" | {{term|apo}}
| rowspan="3" | ''lla''
| rowspan="2" | {{term|apon}}
| ''llas''
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| rowspan="2" | {{term|dievo}}
| ''llo''
| {{term|dieve}}
| ''llon''
|-
| ''llan''
! scope="row" | Dative
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{term|dievra}}
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| {{term|apra}}
| ''lla''
|-
| ''llos''
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''llas''
| {{term|dieve}}
| rowspan="2" | {{term|dievos}}
| {{term|ape}}
| rowspan="2" | {{term|apos}}
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| {{term|dieva}}
| {{term|apa}}
|}
|}
==== Indefinite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II.b.
|+Indefinite article
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|cuentos}}''<br>t. rear, butt
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|llente}}''<br>e. country, land
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
Line 316: Line 461:
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Plural
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Nominative
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| {{term|cuentos}}
| ''as''
| {{term|cuentre}}
| ''aros''
| rowspan="4" | {{term|llente}}
| rowspan="3" | ''ara''
| rowspan="2" | {{term|llenton}}
| ''aras''
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| rowspan="3" | {{term|cuente}}
| rowspan="2" | ''ar''
| {{term|cuente}}
| ''aren''
|-
| ''aran''
! scope="row" | Dative
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{term|cuentra}}
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| {{term|llentra}}
| ''ares''
|-
| ''aras''
! scope="row" | Genitive
| rowspan="2" | {{term|cuentos}}
| rowspan="2" | {{term|llentos}}
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| {{term|cuenta}}
| {{term|llenta}}
|}
|}
In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article.  The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.'  The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla zella''''' ('the cat') vs. '''''zella''''' ('a cat') vs. '''''ara zella''''' ('some cat').  The indefinite article can also be used to convey the meaning 'someone's' or 'someone else's,' or to talk about things that are general, or public.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| miré zi zierve ara zear en-hordir
| NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF
| 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}}
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| res co-quera ze pariña en aran oejan
| king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL
| 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}}
In older texts, or texts stylistically drawing from an older register, the oblique stem ''art-'' may be found instead of ''ar-''.  This is because the Tevrés indefinite article is derived from Aeranir ''ars, artis'' ('person').  However, its root was reformed by analogy to other words ending in ''-as'' in the direct-genitive case.
==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II.c.
|+Tevrés Personal Pronouns
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|romos}}''<br>t. cow, ox
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|pejo}}''<br>e. city, town
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="4" | 3nd person
|-
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
Line 350: Line 505:
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Plural
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| {{term|romos}}
| {{term|rombre}}
| rowspan="3" | {{term|pejo}}
| rowspan="2" | {{term|pejon}}
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| rowspan="2" | {{term|romo}}
| {{term|rom}}
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| {{term|rombra}}
| {{term|peldra}}
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| {{term|rom}}
| rowspan="2" | {{term|romos}}
| {{term|pex}}
| rowspan="2" | {{term|pejos}}
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| {{term|roma}}
| {{term|peja}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II.d.
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|avre}}''<br>t. fish
! colspan="2" | ''{{term|sadre}}''<br>e. dark, black, blot
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Nominative-<br>Genitive
! <small>emphatic</small>
| ''tego''
| ''yego''
| ''nego''
| ''rego''
| rowspan="2" | ''ul/uy''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulos''
| rowspan="4" | ''ula''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small>plain</small>
| ''ti''
| ''yos''
| ''ni''
| ''ros''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Dative-Accusative
| ''te''
| ''yon''
| ''ne''
| ''ruen''
| ''ulo''
| ''ulon''
| ''ulan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ten''
| ''yos''
| ''nen''
| ''ros''
| ''ula''
| ''ulos''
| ''ulas''
|}
==Verbs==
===Morphosyntactic alignment===
Tevrés uses a system of [[w:Morphological alignment|morphological alignment]] which is reminiscent of aspects of [[w:Split ergative|split ergativity]], [[w:Direct-inverse language|direct-inverse languages]], [[w:Austronesian alignment|austronesian alignment]], and [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_b%C3%A4ladiri_verb_agreement/ bäladiri alignment].  This system is common amongst southern Aeranid languages such as [[S'entigneis]], Morraolà, and to an extent Ilesse, and is thus referred to as ''Southern Aeranid Alignment'' (SAA).  This is characterised by different verbal paradigms triggered by first and second person arguments which affect the way Tevrés cases align with thematic roles, and how the verb agrees with its arguments.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment
|+ align="left" style="caption-side: bottom" | {{small|The chart below further details how arguments align in each paradigm. ''S'' represents the morphosyntactic [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], ''A'' the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], ''P'' the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]], ''D'' the [[w:Thematic relation|donor]], ''T'' the [[w:Thematic relation|theme]], and ''R'' the [[w:Thematic relation|recipient]].}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
! Verb paradigm:
| rowspan="4" | {{term|avre}}
! colspan="6" | 1<br>nominative
| rowspan="2" | {{term|avre}}
! colspan="6" | 2<br>ergative
| rowspan="4" | {{term|sadre}}
! colspan="6" | 3<br>split
| rowspan="2" | {{term|sadron}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
! Valency:
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
! Noun argument:
| {{term|avra}}
! S
| {{term|sadra}}
! A
|-
! P
! scope="row" | Genitive
! D
| rowspan="2" | {{term|avros}}
! T
| rowspan="2" | {{term|sadros}}
! R
|-
! S
! scope="row" | Ablative
! A
| {{term|avra}}
! P
| {{term|sadra}}
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Noun case:
| colspan="2" | <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DIR}}</span></big>
| <big><span style="color:grey">{{interlinear|IND}}</span></big>
| <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DIR}}</span></big>
| <big><span style="color:#800000">{{interlinear|ACC}}</span></big>
| <big><span style="color:grey">{{interlinear|IND}}</span></big>
| <small>N/A</small>
| <big><span style="color:grey">{{interlinear|IND}}</span></big>
| <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DIR}}</span></big>
| <big><span style="color:grey">{{interlinear|IND}}</span></big>
| <big><span style="color:#800000">{{interlinear|ACC}}</span></big>
| colspan="3" | <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DIR}}</span></big>
| <big><span style="color:#800000">{{interlinear|ACC}}</span></big>
| <big><span style="color:#008000">{{interlinear|DIR}}</span></big>
| colspan="2" | <big><span style="color:#800000">{{interlinear|ACC}}</span></big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Verb agreement:
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| <small>N/A</small>
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
|}
|}


=====Class III=====
Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, the patient or recipient are in the indirect-ablative case, and the theme is in the accusative dative.  Because the subject is marked on the verb and is always the first or second person, the pronoun itself is usually dropped.  However, it can be added for emphasis.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tevressa ovejo
| Tevrés-IND.SG speak-NOM.1SG
| 'I speak Tevrés'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tego jovó lla salva
| 1SG-DIR.EMP write-PST.NOM.1SG DEF-C.IND.SG book-IND.SG
| <nowiki>'</nowiki>''I'' wrote the book!'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| łanan zaste llos rieles ma
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}
 
When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the indirect-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient.  The theme is still accusative-dative, but the recipient (first or second person) is in the direct-genitive. Just as above, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| garina querel
| friend-IND.SG help-ERG.1SG
| 'A friend is helping me'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ijana hemiol gotejo suevo
| Ijan-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG
| 'Ijan sent me a new cap'}}
 
If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient).
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| castil travas llo morrajote
| Castil-DIR.SG walk-3SG DEF-T.ACC.SG castle-ACC.SG
| 'Castil is walking (around) the castle'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as zava avro lla zella
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}
 
It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen ziso
| 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG
| 'I know you'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen oyólam ma
| 2SG.PRO-IND see-ERG.1SG INTERR
| 'Did you see us?'}}
 
Due to the fact that a first or second person argument must 1.) be in the direct-genitive case and 2.) take verbal agreement, these arguments cannot normally appear as the theme of a ditransitive verb, because this argument always appears in the accusative-dative case, and never takes verbal agreement.  To remedy this, the original recipient of the verb is ejected from the verb's core valency by rephrasing it with an adjunct clause, and the first or second person argument is elevated to the direct-genitive argument.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| **pueva vadiós te llo-pristino-a-damata
| father-DIR.SG send-T.3SG 1SG.PRO-ACC DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| **'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''grammatically incorrect'')}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pueva vadiol a'lo pristino-a-damata
| father-IND.SG send-ERG.1SG to<nowiki>=</nowiki>DEF-T.ACC.SG prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| 'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''correct version'')}}
 
Due to the nature of this system, a small change to the verb (and by extension to the cases of certain arguments) can completely change the meaning of a sentence.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquió zi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'I told my friend stories'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiol zi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'My friend told me stories'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiós zi garino
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC
| 'They told their friend stories'}}
 
=== Conjugation ===


{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class III.a.
|+ Conjugation classes
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! Class
! colspan="2" | ''ave''<br>e. sun
! Theme vowel
! Example
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | Strong
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a''
| '''''jovar''''' (to write)
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
| style="text-align:center;" | ''i''
! scope="col" | Plural
| '''''apiçir''''' (to appear)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e''
| '''''corer''''' (to annoy)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Weak
| style="text-align:center;" | Ø
| '''''tiedre''''' (to drink)
|}
 
There are four conjugation classes in Tevrés, characterised by the vowel (or lack there of) used to form the infinitive. There are three strong conjugation classes, and one weak class.  The weak class conjugates identically to the strong e-class in the non-past tense, and may either conjugate identically to the e-class in the past as well, or take irregular conjugation endings, in conjuncture with stem mutation.
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Transitive verb endings
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
! rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" | ave
! colspan="6" | Singular
| rowspan="2" | aven
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="2" | split
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="1" | split
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
! 1st
| avra
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o''<br>''-o''<br>''-o''
| ''-ás''<br>''-ís''<br>''-és''
| ''-al''<br>''-el''<br>''-el''
| ''-alas''<br>''-elas''<br>''-elas''
| ''-as''<br>''-es''<br>''-es''
| ''-a''<br>''-a''<br>''-a''
| ''-am''<br>''-im''<br>''-em''
| ''-ad''<br>''-id''<br>''-ed''
| ''-álam''<br>''-élam''<br>''-élam''
| ''-álad''<br>''-élad''<br>''-élad''
| ''-an''<br>''-en''<br>''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó''<br>''-ió''<br>''-ió''
| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''
| ''-ol''<br>''-iol''<br>''-iol''
| ''-olas''<br>''-iolas''<br>''-iolas''
| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''
| ''-á''<br>''-iá''<br>''-iá''
| ''-om''<br>''-iom''<br>''-iom''
| ''-od''<br>''-iod''<br>''-iod''
| ''-ólam''<br>''-iólam''<br>''-iólam''
| ''-ólad''<br>''-iólad''<br>''-iólad''
| ''-ón''<br>''-ión''<br>''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-el''
| ''-elas''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-élam''
| ''-élad''
| ''-en''
|}
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Intransitive verb endings
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
! rowspan="2" |
| aves
! colspan="5" | Singular
| avre
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
! 1st
| ave
! 2nd
| aves
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o''<br>''-o''<br>''-o''
| ''-ás''<br>''-ís''<br>''-és''
| ''-as''<br>''-es''<br>''-es''
| ''-a''<br>''-a''<br>''-a''
| ''-amos''<br>''-imos''<br>''-emos''
| ''-áis''<br>''-ís''<br>''-éis''
| ''-an''<br>''-en''<br>''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó''<br>''-ió''<br>''-ió''
| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''
| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''
| ''-á''<br>''-iá''<br>''-iá''
| ''-om''<br>''-iom''<br>''-iom''
| ''-od''<br>''-iod''<br>''-iod''
| ''-ón''<br>''-ión''<br>''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-en''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
 
|+Class III.b.
=== Applicative voices ===
 
Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]].  Tevrés is able to incorporate these phrases into a verb's core through [[w:Applicative voice|applicative voices]], which increases a verb's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] to include a new core [[w:Object (grammar)|object]] argument.  There are five main applicative voices, each formed with a simple verbal prefix.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! Name !! Prefix !! Usage !! Example
! colspan="2" | ''res''<br>t. king, ruler
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
| [[w:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] ({{interlinear|BEN}})
! scope="col" | Plural
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a-''
| Expresses that the referent of the noun receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause, used where [[w:English language|English]] would use 'for,' 'for the benefit of,' or 'intended for.'
| ''çi garinos a-llavó''<br>'I laughed for the sake of my friends' (i.e. to reassure or comfort them)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| [[w:Comitative case|Comitative]] ({{interlinear|COM}})
| res
| style="text-align:center;" | ''co-''
| rendre
| Denotes a relationship of 'accompanyment' between two participants in an event, expressed in English with the preposition 'with,' in the sense of 'in company with' (but not 'with' meaning 'using' or 'by means of').
| ''çi garinos co-llavó''<br>'I laughed with my friends'
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| [[w:Locative case|Locative]] ({{interlinear|LOC}})
| rowspan="2" | ren
| style="text-align:center;" | ''en-''
| ren
| Indicates a location, corresponding vaguely to the English prepositions 'in', 'on', 'at', and 'by'.
| ''çi garinon en-ango lla sarvaja''<br>'I'm meeting my friends at the library'
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] ({{interlinear|INSTR}})
| rendra
| style="text-align:center;" | ''eu/el-''
| Used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
| ''prieza eu-jovo''<br>'I write (it) with a pen'
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| [[w:Malefactive case|Malefactive]] ({{interlinear|MAL}})
| renes
| style="text-align:center;" | ''y/e-''
| rendre
| Pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the person who is harmed or who loses out by an action.  The opposite of the benefactive applicative.
| ''çi garinos y-llavó''<br>'I laughed at my friends' (i.e. ridiculed them)
|}
 
There is a sixth applicative voice, the ''os''-genitive ({{interlinear|GEN}}).  However, this applicative is limited only to [[w:Relative clause|relative clauses]], to signify that head fulfils a [[w:Genitive case|gentive]] role within the subordinate clause.  When the subordinate clause has more than one argument aside from the referent, the ''os''-prefix is applied to the noun the referent is dependant to.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çella ti-os-cantid
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG cat-IND.SG 1SG-DIR<nowiki>=</nowiki>GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the wumbo whose cat I fed'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño os-res llo cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>king-DIR.SG DEF-T.ACC.SG count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose king killed the count'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño uy res os-cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose count the king killed'}}
 
Whilst applicatives are preferred to adjuncts, Tevrés explicitly disallows multiple applicatives, that is, multiple applicative prefixes attached to a single verb.  Thus, **''çi garinon co-en-llavó lla sarvaja'' is ungrammatical.  In cases where two or more object arguments must be added to a clause, one argument is expressed through a normal applicative voice, and the others will be introduced in adjuncts; usually prepositional phrases.  Which argument takes the applicative voice is determined by a straightforward hierarchy chain.  The highest argument on the chain takes the applicative, while the others adjuncts.
 
: benefactive > comitative > locative > instrumental > malefactive > genitive
 
Adjunct arguments are ignored as part of the nominal and verbal alignment paradigms.  Therefor, verbs core arguments in these cases decline exactly as they would without the adjunct.  The case that the adjunct is in is governed by the preposition introducing the phrase.
 
{{interlinear | box=yes
| çi garinos co-llavó en llo sarvajo
| REFL-GEN friend-IND.PL COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>laugh-PST.NOM.1SG LOC DEF-T.ACC.SG library-ACC.SG
| 'I laughed with my friends in the library' }}
 
{{interlinear | box=yes
| lla salva Moxa çi mientra y llo-sarvajo-el-cueres a-pruvida
| DEF-C.DIR.SG book-DIR.SG Moxa-DIR.SG REFL-DIR sibling-IND.SG MAL DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>library-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>ABL-DEF.T.DIR.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-DIR.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>steal-PST.PTCP-C.DIR.SG
| 'The book Moxa stole from the count's library for his sibling' }}
 
== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
! #
| ren
! Cardinal
| renes
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''im''
| ''priste''
| ''tiempre''
! 11
| ''eñintos''
| ''eñís''
| ''eñinte''
! 21
| ''callos im''
| ''calde priste''
| ''cal tiempre''
! 120
| ''ñoçallos''
| ''ñoçalde''
| ''ñoçal''
|- 
! 2
| ''ser''
| ''mezún''
| ''vires''
! 12
| ''verzintos''
| ''verzís''
| ''verzinte''
! 22
| ''callos ser''
| ''caldo mezún''
| ''cal vires''
! 140
| ''ñallos''
| ''ñalde''
| ''ñal''
|- 
! 3
| ''moros''
| ''muerte''
| ''mores''
! 13
| ''preintos''
| ''proís''
| ''preinte''
! 30
| ''callos queinços''
| ''calde quies''
| ''cal quein''
! 160
| ''ñancullos''
| ''ñancuzde''
| ''ñancul''
|- 
! 4
| ''cuałos''
| ''cual''
| ''cuaçes''
! 14
| ''cuałentos''
| ''cuałés''
| ''cuałente''
! 40
| ''vercullos''
| ''vercuzde''
| ''vercul''
! 180
| ''ñałcullos''
| ''ñałcuzde''
| ''ñałcul''
|- 
! 5
| ''quicos''
| ''quite''
| ''quigue''
! 15
| ''queintos''
| ''queís''
| ''queinte''
! 50
| ''vercullos queinços''
| ''vercuzde quies''
| ''vercul quein''
! 200
| ''tamiłłos''
| ''tamite''
| ''tamiçes''
|- 
! 6
| ''ñoços''
| ''ñoçum''
| ''ñoz''
! 16
| ''ñoçentos''
| ''ñoçés''
| ''ñoçente''
! 60
| ''prollos''
| ''prolde''
| ''prol''
! 220
| ''tamiłłos callos''
| ''tamite calde''
| ''tamiçes cal''
|- 
! 7
| ''ñayos''
| ''ñante''
| ''ñain''
! 17
| ''ñentos''
| ''ñaís''
| ''ñente''
! 70
| ''prollos queinços''
| ''prolde quies''
| ''prol quein''
! 240
| ''tamiłłos vercullos''
| ''tamite vercuzde''
| ''tamiçes vercul''
|- 
! 8
| ''ñangos''
| ''ñaguiem''
| ''ñangue''
! 18
| ''sescullos''
| ''sescuzde''
| ''sescul''
! 80
| ''cuałallos''
| ''cuałalde''
| ''cuałal''
! 260
| ''tamiłłos prollos''
| ''tamite prolde''
| ''tamiçes prol''
|- 
! 9
| ''ñałiços''
| ''ñałizte''
| ''ñałiz''
! 19
| ''imallos''
| ''imalde''
| ''imal''
! 90
| ''cuałallos queinços''
| ''cuałalde quies''
| ''cuałal quein''
! 280
| ''tamiłłos cuałallos''
| ''tamite cuałalde''
| ''tamiçes cuałal''
|- 
! 10
| ''queinços''
| ''quies''
| ''quein''
! 20
| ''callos''
| ''calde''
| ''cal''
! 100
| ''quecullos''
| ''quecuzde''
| ''quecul''
! 400
| ''miłłos''
| ''mite''
| ''miçes''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
 
|+Class III.c.
==Writing System==
=== Romanisation ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | [[w:Consonants|Consonants]]
|-
! Letter
! Context
! [[w:Help:IPA|IPA]]
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''b''' or '''v'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨b⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''b'''out''
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''c'''
! colspan="2" | ''[[Contionary:tevrés#Tevr.C3.A9s|tevrés]]''<br>t.
| before another consonant
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
| elsewhere
! scope="col" | Plural
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ç'''
| rowspan="3" | tevrés
| everywhere
| tevresdre
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big><small> (northern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big><small> (southern Tevrén)</small>
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén,<br>or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ch'''
| tevrés
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨ch⟩; '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''d'''
| tevresdra
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental stop|d]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨d⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and the tip of the tongue touches the [[w:Denti-alveolar consonant|upper teeth]]; e.g. ''a'''d'''ore''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| elsewhere
| tevresses
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| tevresdre
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''
| tevrés
| everywhere
| tevresses
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless labiodental ficative|f]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
|}
| same as the typical English ⟨f⟩; e.g. '''''f'''ace''
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class III.d.
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''g'''
! colspan="2" | ''huertes''<br>c. death
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(nothern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(southern Tevrén)</small>
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén,<br>or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
! scope="col" | Plural
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| huertes
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| huertre
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | '''gu'''
| rowspan="2" | huerte
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| huerte
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>gw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound like the ⟨gu⟩ in English ''pen'''gu'''in''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| huertra
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>ɣw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨w⟩, but preceded by a soft guttural sound
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| huertes
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| huertre
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| huerte
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| huertes
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class III.e.
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''
! colspan="2" | ''sadiercas''<br>c. darkness
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big>(''silent'')</big>
| silent (like the English ⟨h⟩ in English '''''h'''onor'' or '''''h'''our'')
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''j'''
! scope="col" | Plural
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(nothern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(southern Tevrén)</small>
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén,<br>or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| elsewhere
| sadiercas
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(nothern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(southern Tevrén)</small>
| sarcadre
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén,<br>or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''
| rowspan="2" | sarcad
| everywhere
| sarcad
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨l⟩ (especially like the clear ⟨l⟩ of British English, rather than the dark ⟨l⟩ of American English);e.g. '''''l'''u'''ll'''''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ll'''
| sarcadra
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w: Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the ⟨lli⟩ in English ''mi'''lli'''on''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''ł'''
| sarcades
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| sarcadre
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(nothern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(southern Tevrén)</small>
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''l'''ieu'') in northern Tevrén,<br>or like [[w:Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] Japanese ⟨じ⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| elsewhere
| sarcad
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(nothern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(southern Tevrén)</small>
| sarcades
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨h⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''h'''appy'' and '''''l'''ieu''), same as Welsh ⟨ll⟩ (e.g. ''Ebri'''ll''''') in northern Tevrén,<br>or like typical Japanese ⟨し⟩ in southern Tevrén
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class III.f.
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
| style="text-align:center;" | '''łł'''
! colspan="2" | ''cieres''<br>t. silk
| only occurs between vowels
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''
! scope="col" | Plural
| everywhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| rowspan="2" | same as the typical English ⟨m⟩; '''''m'''ada'''m'''''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | '''n'''
| cieres
| before ⟨v⟩
| cierre
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| before ⟨f⟩
| rowspan="4" | cier
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental nasal|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big><br>
| cier
| same as the English ⟨m⟩ in ''sy'''m'''phony''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| before ⟨y⟩
| cierra
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big><br>
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| before ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩
| rowspan="2" | cieres
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big><br>
| same as the English ⟨ng⟩ in ''si'''ng'''''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| elsewhere
|}
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
 
| same as the typical English ⟨n⟩; e.g. '''''n'''u'''n'''''
===Articles===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Temporary
|-
|-
!
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ñ'''
! scope="col" | Singular
| everywhere
! scope="col" | Plural
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''p'''
| llos
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| de
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| elsewhere
| uy/ul
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| lli
| same as certain instances of English ⟨p⟩; e.g. ''s'''p'''an'' or ''ty'''p'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /p/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''p'''an'')
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | '''qu'''
| llo
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| da
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''r'''
| lli
| word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| rowspan="2" | llos
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| elsewhere (sometimes word-initial (after a pause or consonant-ending words only), morpheme-initial (when preceded by prefixes ending in consonants), or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final positions, and word-final positions before vowel-initial words only)
| lla
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
|}
| flapped ⟨r⟩; e.g. the same sound as the ⟨dd⟩ of ''la'''dd'''er'' or ⟨tt⟩ of ''la'''tt'''er'' in [[w:American English|American English]], same as Spanish ⟨r⟩ between vowels, as in ''ca'''r'''o''
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Cyclical
|-
|-
!
| style="text-align:center;" | '''rr'''
! scope="col" | Singular
| only occurs between vowels
! scope="col" | Plural
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''s'''
| rowspan="2" | lla
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| da
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|z̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(nothern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(southern Tevrén)</small>
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨z⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''z'''oo'') in northern Tevrén,<br>or the same as the typical English ⟨z⟩ (e.g. ''ja'''zz''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| elsewhere
| uy/ul
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|s̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(nothern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(southern Tevrén)</small>
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨sh⟩ and the typical English ⟨s⟩ (between '''''sh'''u'''sh''''' and '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in northern Tevrén,<br>or the same as the typical English ⟨s⟩ (e.g. '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ss'''
| llo
| only occurs between vowels
| da
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''t'''
| uy/ul
| before voiced consonants
| llos
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| elsewhere
| lla
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental stop|t]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| llas
| same as certain instances of English ⟨t⟩; e.g. ''s'''t'''and'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /t/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''t'''an''). Also, the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth, rather than the alveolar ridge
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Eternal
|-
|-
!
| style="text-align:center;" | '''x'''
! scope="col" | Singular
| everywhere
! scope="col" | Plural
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(nothern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> <small>(southern Tevrén)</small>
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén,<br>or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''y'''
| rowspan="2" | uy/ul
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| rowspan="2" | llon
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]])
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal approximate|j]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨y⟩ (but joined in a single syllable with another vowel sound); ''a'''y'''e'', ''bo'''y'''''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| elsewhere
| llo
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| da
| similar to the typical English ⟨y⟩, or ⟨j⟩ but softer; e.g. similar to '''''y'''es'' or '''''J'''ess''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''z'''
| lli
| word final
| rowspan="2" | llos
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big><small> (northern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big><small> (southern Tevrén)</small>
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén,<br>or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| elsewhere
| lla
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big><small> (northern Tevrén)</small><br><small>or</small><br><big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big><small> (southern Tevrén)</small>
| between ''rai'''s'''e'' and ''ba'''th'''e'' (like the typical English ⟨z⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén,<br>or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''at'') in southern Tevrén
|}
|}


==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==
''[[:Category:Tevrés words|Tevrés Lexicon]]''.
''[[:Category:Tevrés words|Tevrés Lexicon]]''.


Gaffney.flancer
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