Tevrés: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés'''''<br><span style=font-size:18px;">'''''hilerán • lla fruema tevressa'''''</span>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés'''''<br><span style=font-size:18px;">'''''hilerán • lla iveta tevressa'''''</span>
|-
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || [[History of Avrid#Tevrén|Tevrén]]
| '''Spoken in:''' || [[History of Avrid#Tevrén|Tevrén]]
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|}


'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla fruema tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created by Gaffney McCoy Flancer for their home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria.  It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]].  It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.
'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla iveta tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created for the home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria.  It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]].  It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.


Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA.  Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in.  Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.   
Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA.  Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in.  Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.   


The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled.  The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''.  All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''.  The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead.  The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla fruema vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.
The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled.  The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''.  All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''.  The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead.  The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla iveta vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]].  This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules.  However, stress does follow a few basic rules;  
Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]].  This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules.  However, stress does follow a few basic rules;  
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''.  
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''.  
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''çi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''.
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''zi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''.
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''').  Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor'').  Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed').
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''').  Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor'').  Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed').


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| {{IPA-all|s̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|s̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|θ|}}
| {{IPA-all|θ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all||}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all||}}
| ''çeña'' ('love')
| ''çeña'' ('love')
! ł, łł*
! ł, łł*
| {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɕ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɕ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| ''łana'' ('flower')
| ''łana'' ('flower')
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
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| {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|ð|}}
| {{IPA-all|ð|}}
| ''colezos'' ('counties')
| ''corezos'' ('counties')
! ł**
! ł**
| {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
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| {{IPA-all|s̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|s̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|s|}}
| {{IPA-all|s|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all||}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all||}}
| ''suel'' ('sky')
| ''suel'' ('sky')
! x
! x
| {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| {{IPA-all|h|}}
| {{IPA-all|h|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| ''Moxa'' (a name)
| ''Moxa'' (a name)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
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'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.
* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant.
* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant, and in some dialects word initially.
 
Speakers of northern Tevrés around the traditional homeland of the language, Çien-a-Tevrén, tend to realise all syllable final nasals as [ŋ], (e.g. ''Tevrén'' /tevˈɾen/: <small>Northern</small> {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽŋ|}}, <small>Southern</small> {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽn|}}; ''cantir'' /kanˈtiɾ/: <small>Northern</small> {{IPA-all|kãŋˈtiɾ|}}, <small>Southern</small> {{IPA-all|kãnˈtiɾ|}}).  This trait is shared with the Hilero-Iscaric languages to the northwest of Çien-a-Tevrén, and may be an aerial feature.
 
==== Conflation of /l/ and /ɮ/ ====
 
Some speakers conflate /l/ and /ɮ/ into a single phoneme.  The realisation of this phoneme varies, and different conditions provoking different allophones.  In Velles this phoneme is realised as [l] word initially and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, whilst in Hodén it is [l] word initially, [ɮ] between vowels and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, and in Os Selum it is [ɬ] initially, finally, and before a voiceless obstruent, and [l] elsewhere.
 
==== Initial Sibilants ====
 
Voicing does not contrast amongst final and initial sibilant consonants in Tevrés.  Final sibilants are almost always voiceless, although they are often voiced before other voiced consonants, and in some dialects they are voiced between vowels.  Initial sibilants, however, are harder to generalise.  There are two trends; either full voicing or full devoicing.  This varies dialect to dialect, within dialects from village to village, and even from speaker to speaker.  In dialects that have voiced initial sibilants and pronounce /z̻/ as [ð], such as the speech of Vazca, this phoneme is often completely conflated with /d/, appearing as [d] word initially and after nasals; e.g. ''della'' for ''çella'' ('cat').


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy cueles llavas
| uy cueres llavas
| DEF-T.DIR.SG count-DIR.SG laugh-IPFV.3SG.T
| DEF-T.DIR.SG count-DIR.SG laugh-IPFV.3SG.T
|'The count is laughing'}}
|'The count is laughing'}}
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:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy vuestre çón priezon llo riel
| uy vuestre zón priezon llo riel
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}
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:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego uy res sevol nen me
| tego uy res sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| 1SG-DIR DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, the king?}}
| You would kill me, the king?}}
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:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego ne queñid sevol nen me
| tego ne queñid sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR 2SG-ACC love-PFV.PTCP-T.DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| 1SG-DIR 2SG-ACC love-PFV.PTCP-T.DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}
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| ''harena-'''el'''-vuestre''<br>a letter from the elder
| ''harena-'''el'''-vuestre''<br>a letter from the elder
|-
|-
| ''uy-vies-uy-cueles''<br>the count's law
| ''uy-vies-uy-cueres''<br>the count's law
| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueles''<br>the law which governs the count
| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueres''<br>the law which governs the count
| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueles''<br> the law the count creates
| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueres''<br> the law the count creates
|-
|-
| ''lla-rentaga-uy-mader''<br>the council's ruler
| ''lla-rentaga-uy-mader''<br>the council's ruler
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:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llo soriejo a-hego çi garinos
| llo soriejo a-hego zi garinos
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends'
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends'
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:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tan en-cares juina çi combre
| tan en-cares juina zi combre
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}}
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}}


:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| avron en-canta llan çellan lla yumas
| avron en-canta llan zellan lla yumas
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}}
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}}
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:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| lla cossa cañiólam y añon
| lla cossa cañiólam tantos
| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL MAL all-T.ACC.PL
| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL all-T.DIR.PL
|'The bear ate all of us'
|'The bear ate all of us'
}}
}}


:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ti mugrinon cantió cassa
| ti muzrinon cantió cossa
| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG
| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG
| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'
| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'
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:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| casso cantiólam mugrina a yos
| cosso cantiólam muzrina
| bear-IND.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG to 1PL-DIR
| bear-ACC.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG
| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'
| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'
}}
}}


:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llon mugrinon a-cantió casso ti ayestra
| llon muzrinon a-cantió cosso ti ayestra
| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG
| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG
| 'I fed the enemies to a bear for my master'
| 'I fed the enemies to a bear for my master'
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===Articles===
===Articles===
==== Definite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Definite article  
|+Definite article  
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! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | direct-Genitive
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''ul/uy''
| ''ul/uy''
| ''llos''
| ''llos''
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| ''llas''
| ''llas''
|}
|}
==== Indefinite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Indefinite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''as''
| ''aros''
| rowspan="3" | ''ara''
| ''aras''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| rowspan="2" | ''ar''
| ''aren''
| ''aran''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ares''
| ''aras''
|}
In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article.  The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.'  The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla zella''''' ('the cat') vs. '''''zella''''' ('a cat') vs. '''''ara zella''''' ('some cat').  The indefinite article can also be used to convey the meaning 'someone's' or 'someone else's,' or to talk about things that are general, or public.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| miré zi zierve ara zear en-hordir
| NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF
| 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}}
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| res co-quera ze pariña en aran oejan
| king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL
| 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}}
In older texts, or texts stylistically drawing from an older register, the oblique stem ''art-'' may be found instead of ''ar-''.  This is because the Tevrés indefinite article is derived from Aeranir ''ars, artis'' ('person').  However, its root was reformed by analogy to other words ending in ''-as'' in the direct-genitive case.


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
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| ''rego''
| ''rego''
| rowspan="2" | ''ul/uy''
| rowspan="2" | ''ul/uy''
| rowspan="2" | ''llos''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulos''
| rowspan="4" | ''lla''
| rowspan="4" | ''ula''
| rowspan="2" | ''llas''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>plain</small>
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| ''ne''
| ''ne''
| ''ruen''
| ''ruen''
| ''llo''
| ''ulo''
| ''llon''
| ''ulon''
| ''llan''
| ''ulan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Ergative-Ablative
! colspan="2" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ted''
| ''ten''
| ''yos''
| ''yos''
| ''nen''
| ''nen''
| ''ros''
| ''ros''
| ''lla''
| ''ula''
| ''llos''
| ''ulos''
| ''llas''
| ''ulas''
|}
|}


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:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| łanan çaste llos rieles me
| łanan zaste llos rieles ma
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}  
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}  
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:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çava avro lla çella
| ul as zava avro lla zella
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}
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:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquió çi garina
| nen ziso
| 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG
| 'I know you'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen oyólam ma
| 2SG.PRO-IND see-ERG.1SG INTERR
| 'Did you see us?'}}
 
Due to the fact that a first or second person argument must 1.) be in the direct-genitive case and 2.) take verbal agreement, these arguments cannot normally appear as the theme of a ditransitive verb, because this argument always appears in the accusative-dative case, and never takes verbal agreement.  To remedy this, the original recipient of the verb is ejected from the verb's core valency by rephrasing it with an adjunct clause, and the first or second person argument is elevated to the direct-genitive argument.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| **pueva vadiós te llo-pristino-a-damata
| father-DIR.SG send-T.3SG 1SG.PRO-ACC DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| **'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''grammatically incorrect'')}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pueva vadiol a'lo pristino-a-damata
| father-IND.SG send-ERG.1SG to<nowiki>=</nowiki>DEF-T.ACC.SG prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| 'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''correct version'')}}
 
Due to the nature of this system, a small change to the verb (and by extension to the cases of certain arguments) can completely change the meaning of a sentence.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquió zi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'I told my friend stories'}}
| 'I told my friend stories'}}


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiol çi garina
| vejarten serquiol zi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'My friend told me stories'}}
| 'My friend told me stories'}}


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiós çi garino
| vejarten serquiós zi garino
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC
| 'They told their friend stories'}}
| 'They told their friend stories'}}
Line 690: Line 765:
! Non-past
! Non-past
| ''-o''<br>''-o''<br>''-o''
| ''-o''<br>''-o''<br>''-o''
| ''-aste''<br>''-iste''<br>''-este''
| ''-ás''<br>''-ís''<br>''-és''
| ''-al''<br>''-el''<br>''-el''
| ''-al''<br>''-el''<br>''-el''
| ''-alas''<br>''-elas''<br>''-elas''
| ''-alas''<br>''-elas''<br>''-elas''
Line 703: Line 778:
! Past regular
! Past regular
| ''-ó''<br>''-ió''<br>''-ió''
| ''-ó''<br>''-ió''<br>''-ió''
| ''-oste''<br>''-ioste''<br>''-ioste''
| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''
| ''-ol''<br>''-iol''<br>''-iol''
| ''-ol''<br>''-iol''<br>''-iol''
| ''-olas''<br>''-iolas''<br>''-iolas''
| ''-olas''<br>''-iolas''<br>''-iolas''
Line 716: Line 791:
! Past irregular
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-o''
| ''-este''
| ''-és''
| ''-el''
| ''-el''
| ''-elas''
| ''-elas''
Line 744: Line 819:
! Non-past
! Non-past
| ''-o''<br>''-o''<br>''-o''
| ''-o''<br>''-o''<br>''-o''
| ''-aste''<br>''-iste''<br>''-este''
| ''-ás''<br>''-ís''<br>''-és''
| ''-as''<br>''-es''<br>''-es''
| ''-as''<br>''-es''<br>''-es''
| ''-a''<br>''-a''<br>''-a''
| ''-a''<br>''-a''<br>''-a''
Line 753: Line 828:
! Past regular
! Past regular
| ''-ó''<br>''-ió''<br>''-ió''
| ''-ó''<br>''-ió''<br>''-ió''
| ''-oste''<br>''-ioste''<br>''-ioste''
| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''
| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''
| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''
| ''-á''<br>''-iá''<br>''-iá''
| ''-á''<br>''-iá''<br>''-iá''
Line 762: Line 837:
! Past irregular
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-o''
| ''-este''
| ''-és''
| ''-es''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
Line 812: Line 887:


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño os-res llo cote siete
| uy paño os-res llo cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>king-DIR.SG DEF-T.ACC.SG count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>king-DIR.SG DEF-T.ACC.SG count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose king killed the count'}}
| 'the guard whose king killed the count'}}


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño uy res os-cote siete
| uy paño uy res os-cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose count the king killed'}}
| 'the guard whose count the king killed'}}
Line 833: Line 908:


{{interlinear | box=yes
{{interlinear | box=yes
| lla salva Moxa çi mientra y llo-sarvajo-el-cueles a-pruvida
| lla salva Moxa çi mientra y llo-sarvajo-el-cueres a-pruvida
| DEF-C.DIR.SG book-DIR.SG Moxa-DIR.SG REFL-DIR sibling-IND.SG MAL DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>library-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>ABL-DEF.T.DIR.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-DIR.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>steal-PST.PTCP-C.DIR.SG
| DEF-C.DIR.SG book-DIR.SG Moxa-DIR.SG REFL-DIR sibling-IND.SG MAL DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>library-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>ABL-DEF.T.DIR.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-DIR.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>steal-PST.PTCP-C.DIR.SG
| 'The book Moxa stole from the count's library for his sibling' }}
| 'The book Moxa stole from the count's library for his sibling' }}
== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''im''
| ''priste''
| ''tiempre''
! 11
| ''eñintos''
| ''eñís''
| ''eñinte''
! 21
| ''callos im''
| ''calde priste''
| ''cal tiempre''
! 120
| ''ñoçallos''
| ''ñoçalde''
| ''ñoçal''
|- 
! 2
| ''ser''
| ''mezún''
| ''vires''
! 12
| ''verzintos''
| ''verzís''
| ''verzinte''
! 22
| ''callos ser''
| ''caldo mezún''
| ''cal vires''
! 140
| ''ñallos''
| ''ñalde''
| ''ñal''
|- 
! 3
| ''moros''
| ''muerte''
| ''mores''
! 13
| ''preintos''
| ''proís''
| ''preinte''
! 30
| ''callos queinços''
| ''calde quies''
| ''cal quein''
! 160
| ''ñancullos''
| ''ñancuzde''
| ''ñancul''
|- 
! 4
| ''cuałos''
| ''cual''
| ''cuaçes''
! 14
| ''cuałentos''
| ''cuałés''
| ''cuałente''
! 40
| ''vercullos''
| ''vercuzde''
| ''vercul''
! 180
| ''ñałcullos''
| ''ñałcuzde''
| ''ñałcul''
|- 
! 5
| ''quicos''
| ''quite''
| ''quigue''
! 15
| ''queintos''
| ''queís''
| ''queinte''
! 50
| ''vercullos queinços''
| ''vercuzde quies''
| ''vercul quein''
! 200
| ''tamiłłos''
| ''tamite''
| ''tamiçes''
|- 
! 6
| ''ñoços''
| ''ñoçum''
| ''ñoz''
! 16
| ''ñoçentos''
| ''ñoçés''
| ''ñoçente''
! 60
| ''prollos''
| ''prolde''
| ''prol''
! 220
| ''tamiłłos callos''
| ''tamite calde''
| ''tamiçes cal''
|- 
! 7
| ''ñayos''
| ''ñante''
| ''ñain''
! 17
| ''ñentos''
| ''ñaís''
| ''ñente''
! 70
| ''prollos queinços''
| ''prolde quies''
| ''prol quein''
! 240
| ''tamiłłos vercullos''
| ''tamite vercuzde''
| ''tamiçes vercul''
|- 
! 8
| ''ñangos''
| ''ñaguiem''
| ''ñangue''
! 18
| ''sescullos''
| ''sescuzde''
| ''sescul''
! 80
| ''cuałallos''
| ''cuałalde''
| ''cuałal''
! 260
| ''tamiłłos prollos''
| ''tamite prolde''
| ''tamiçes prol''
|- 
! 9
| ''ñałiços''
| ''ñałizte''
| ''ñałiz''
! 19
| ''imallos''
| ''imalde''
| ''imal''
! 90
| ''cuałallos queinços''
| ''cuałalde quies''
| ''cuałal quein''
! 280
| ''tamiłłos cuałallos''
| ''tamite cuałalde''
| ''tamiçes cuałal''
|- 
! 10
| ''queinços''
| ''quies''
| ''quein''
! 20
| ''callos''
| ''calde''
| ''cal''
! 100
| ''quecullos''
| ''quecuzde''
| ''quecul''
! 400
| ''miłłos''
| ''mite''
| ''miçes''
|}


==Writing System==
==Writing System==
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