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Tevrés: Difference between revisions
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Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]]. This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules. However, stress does follow a few basic rules; | Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]]. This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules. However, stress does follow a few basic rules; | ||
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''. | * If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''. | ||
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. '' | * If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''zi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''. | ||
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín'''''). Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor''). Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed'). | Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín'''''). Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor''). Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed'). | ||
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:{{interlinear | box = yes | :{{interlinear | box = yes | ||
| uy vuestre | | uy vuestre zón priezon llo riel | ||
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG | | DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG | ||
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}} | |'The elder gave the child some pens'}} | ||
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:{{interlinear | box = yes | :{{interlinear | box = yes | ||
| llo soriejo a-hego | | llo soriejo a-hego zi garinos | ||
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL | | DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL | ||
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends' | |'I am making a wardrobe for my friends' | ||
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:{{interlinear | box = yes | :{{interlinear | box = yes | ||
| tan en-cares juina | | tan en-cares juina zi combre | ||
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG | | but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG | ||
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}} | |'Juina only dances in their own home'}} | ||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | :{{interlinear | box = yes | ||
| avron en-canta llan | | avron en-canta llan zellan lla yumas | ||
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG | | fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG | ||
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}} | |'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}} | ||
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! scope="col" | Plural | ! scope="col" | Plural | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! scope="row" | | ! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive | ||
| ''ul/uy'' | | ''ul/uy'' | ||
| ''llos'' | | ''llos'' | ||
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==== Indefinite article ==== | ==== Indefinite article ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||
|+ | |+Indefinite article | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
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! scope="col" | Plural | ! scope="col" | Plural | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! scope="row" | | ! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive | ||
| ''as'' | | ''as'' | ||
| ''aros'' | | ''aros'' | ||
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| ''aras'' | | ''aras'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article. The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.' The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla | In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article. The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.' The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla zella''''' ('the cat') vs. '''''zella''''' ('a cat') vs. '''''ara zella''''' ('some cat'). The indefinite article can also be used to convey the meaning 'someone's' or 'someone else's,' or to talk about things that are general, or public. | ||
:{{interlinear|box=yes | :{{interlinear|box=yes | ||
| miré | | miré zi zierve ara zear en-hordir | ||
| NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF | | NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF | ||
| 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}} | | 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}} | ||
:{{interlinear|box=yes | :{{interlinear|box=yes | ||
| res co-quera | | res co-quera ze pariña en aran oejan | ||
| king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL | | king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL | ||
| 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}} | | 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}} | ||
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:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| łanan | | łanan zaste llos rieles ma | ||
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR | | flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR | ||
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}} | | 'Will you give the children flowers?'}} | ||
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:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| ul as | | ul as zava avro lla zella | ||
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG | | DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG | ||
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}} | | 'The man gave the cat a fish'}} | ||
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:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| nen | | nen ziso | ||
| 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG | | 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG | ||
| 'I know you'}} | | 'I know you'}} | ||
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:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| vejarten serquió | | vejarten serquió zi garina | ||
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND | | story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND | ||
| 'I told my friend stories'}} | | 'I told my friend stories'}} | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| vejarten serquiol | | vejarten serquiol zi garina | ||
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND | | story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND | ||
| 'My friend told me stories'}} | | 'My friend told me stories'}} | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| vejarten serquiós | | vejarten serquiós zi garino | ||
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC | | story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC | ||
| 'They told their friend stories'}} | | 'They told their friend stories'}} | ||