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SamSkandinavisk pronouns: Difference between revisions
→Personal pronouns
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===Personal pronouns=== | ===Personal pronouns=== | ||
The SamSkandinavisk personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun '''sig''' (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular '''du''' (you) and '''i''' (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, '''mig''' for example can mean both ''me'' or ''myself''. | The [[SamSkandinavisk]] personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, case, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun '''sig''' (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular '''du''' (you) and '''i''' (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, '''mig''' for example can mean both ''me'' or ''myself''. | ||
====Table of Personal pronouns==== | ====Table of Personal pronouns==== | ||
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| ''vi'' [viː] | | ''vi'' [viː] | ||
| ''oss'' [ɔsː] | | ''oss'' [ɔsː] | ||
| ''vår'' [vɔːr] / ''vårt'' [ | | ''vår'' [vɔːr] / ''vårt'' [vɔːʈ] / ''våre'' [ˈvɔːrə] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd | ! 2nd | ||
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| ''eders'' [ˈeːdəʂ, eːʂ] | | ''eders'' [ˈeːdəʂ, eːʂ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd Masc. | ||
| ''han'' [hanː] | | ''han'' [hanː] | ||
| ''hanem'' [ˈhɑːnəm] / ''ham'' [hamː] | | ''hanem'' [ˈhɑːnəm] / ''ham'' [hamː] | ||
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|rowspan="5"| ''deres'' [ˈdeːrəs] | |rowspan="5"| ''deres'' [ˈdeːrəs] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd Fem. | ||
| ''hon'' [hɔnː] | | ''hon'' [hɔnː] | ||
| ''henne'' [ˈhɛnːə] | | ''henne'' [ˈhɛnːə] | ||
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| ''dens'' [dɛnːs] | | ''dens'' [dɛnːs] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd Neut. | ||
| ''det'' [dɛ] | | ''det'' [dɛ] | ||
| ''det'' [dɛ] | | ''det'' [dɛ] | ||
| ''dets'' [dɛtːs, dɛsː] | | ''dets'' [dɛtːs, dɛsː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd Impers. | ||
| ''man'' [manː] | | ''man'' [manː] | ||
| '' | | ''en'' [eːn] | ||
| '' | | ''ens'' [eːns] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! (3rd | ! (3rd Reflex.) | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''sig'' [seɪ] | | ''sig'' [seɪ] | ||
| ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə] | | ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə] | ||
! (3rd | ! (3rd Reflex) | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''sig'' [seɪ] | | ''sig'' [seɪ] | ||
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The distinction between '''du''' and '''i''' is intended to be purely one of number. '''Du''' is to address a single person and '''i''' to address two or more people. There is no particular level of formality associated with either pronoun. Unlike with German ''du'' or French ''tu'', SamSka '''du''' can be used to address adult strangers of any social rank. | The distinction between '''du''' and '''i''' is intended to be purely one of number. '''Du''' is to address a single person and '''i''' to address two or more people. There is no particular level of formality associated with either pronoun. Unlike with German ''du'' or French ''tu'', SamSka '''du''' can be used to address adult strangers of any social rank. | ||
'''Den''' is the equivalent of ''it'' used for common gender nouns. It is used for nouns when the grammatical gender is common and they have no physical gender. This could include inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals where the physical gender is not known or not relevant. For example a '''bok''' (book) would normally be referred to as '''den'''. But a '''hankatt''' (tomcat) might instead be referred to as '''han''' because it has a known and relevant physical gender. | '''Den''' is the equivalent of ''it'' used for common gender nouns. It is used for nouns when the grammatical gender is common and they have no physical gender. This could include inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals where the physical gender is not known or not relevant. For example a '''bok''' (book) would normally be referred to as '''den'''. But a '''hankatt''' (tomcat) might instead be referred to as '''han''' (he) because it has a known and relevant physical gender. | ||
'''Den''' may also be used as a gender neutral pronoun to talk about a person when the physical gender is not yet known or not considered relevant. This can be used in non-sexist language to avoid a preference for male or female. | |||
The third person pronouns '''det''', '''den''' and '''de''' also serve as demonstrative pronouns, roughly equivalent to English ''that'' and ''those'', and as definite articles, equivalent to English ''the''. | |||
The reflexive pronoun is used when the object or possessive is identical to the grammatical subject of the sentence: '''han kysste sin hustru'''. "he kissed his (own) wife". '''han kysste hans hustru''' "he kissed his (somebody else's) wife" | The reflexive pronoun is used when the object or possessive is identical to the grammatical subject of the sentence: '''han kysste sin hustru'''. "he kissed his (own) wife". '''han kysste hans hustru''' "he kissed his (somebody else's) wife" | ||
'''Man''' the impersonal pronoun is used in a similar way to formal English "one", or more informally "you" or "they". It refers to no one in particular. | '''Man''' the impersonal pronoun is used in a similar way to formal English "one", or more informally "you" or "they". It refers people in general but to no one in particular. | ||
===Interrogative Pronouns=== | |||
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what, whatever | |||
'''hvar''' [ʍɑːr] where, how, which | |||
'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] how | |||
'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] what for, why | |||
'''när''' [næːr] / '''hvarnär''' [ˌʍɑːrˈnæːr] when, whenever | |||
'''hvarledes''' [ˌʍɑːrˈleːðəs] how | |||
'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] who, whom, which, which one | |||
'''hvo''' [ʍoː] who | |||
'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] which, which one, who, whom, what, how Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''. | |||
'''hvis''' [ʍiːs] whose, of which, of whom | |||
===Demonstrative Pronouns=== | |||
'''det''' [dɛ] that (neuter) | |||
'''den''' [dɛnː] that (common) | |||
'''de''' [deː] those (plural) | |||
'''dette''' [ˈdɛtːə] this (neuter) | |||
'''denne''' [ˈdɛnːə] this (common) | |||
'''desse''' [ˈdɛsːə] these, such (plural) | |||
'''där''' [dæːr] there, over there, at that place, yonder | |||
'''dit''' [diːt] there, thither, yonder, that way, to that place | |||
'''därfrå''' [ˌdæːrˈfrɔː] from there, thence, therefrom | |||
'''då''' [dɔː] at that time, in that case, then | |||
'''her''' [heːr] here, herein, this place | |||
'''hit''' [hiːt] hither, here, to this place | |||
===Relative Pronouns=== | |||
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what | |||
'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] as, like, such as | |||
'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] why | |||
'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] that | |||
'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] that, which, who, whom. Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''. | |||
'''när''' [næːr] when, whenever, as | |||
'''där''' [dæːr] where, which | |||
'''den som''' [dɛnː sɔmː] the one that, who | |||
'''dit''' [diːt] where | |||
'''som''' [sɔmː] that, which, who, whom | |||
===Other Pronouns and Pronoun-like Determiners=== | |||
'''all''' [alː] all, any, every, everyone | |||
'''alle''' [ˈalːə] all, everyone, any, everybody | |||
'''allesammen''' [ˌalːəˈsamːən] everybody, everyone, all of them / you / us, altogether | |||
'''allt''' [alːt] all, everything, anything, the lot | |||
'''allting''' [ˌalːˈtɪŋː] everything | |||
'''alltsammen''' [ˌalːtˈsamːən] everything | |||
'''annen''' [ˈanːən] other, another, others, else. Indefinite common = '''annen'''; indefinite neuter = '''annet'''; definite = '''andre'''. | |||
'''enhver''' [ˌeːnˈʍeːr] each, every, all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone | |||
'''hver''' [ʍeːr] each, every, all the, everybody, everyone | |||
'''hverandre''' [ˌʍeːrˈanːdrə] each other, one another | |||
'''ingen''' [ˈɪŋːən] none, nobody, no one, nothing. Neuter = '''inget'''; plural = '''inge''' | |||
'''ingenting''' [ˌɪŋːənˈtɪŋː] nothing, naught | |||
'''mange''' [ˈmaŋːə] Comparative = '''flere / mangere'''; superlative = '''flest / mangest'''. many, a lot | |||
'''någen''' [ˈnɔːjən] any, anybody, anyone, some, somebody, someone, anything, something | |||
'''någet''' [ˈnɔːjət] any, anything, some, something | |||
'''själv''' [ʃɛlːv] oneself | |||
'''somme''' [ˈsɔmːə] some | |||
'''slik''' [sliːk] such | |||
[[Category:Samskandinavisk]] | |||