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Niemish: Difference between revisions
→Second umlaut (umlaut pattern 2. or a-umlaut)
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The first umlaut only affected vowels that were short. Niemish at this stage still preserved the Post-Gothic distribution of long and short vowels, where not shortened by the prepalatal gemination. | The first umlaut only affected vowels that were short. Niemish at this stage still preserved the Post-Gothic distribution of long and short vowels, where not shortened by the prepalatal gemination. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Case !! colspan=2 | Post-Gothic !! colspan=2 | Medieval Niemish !! colspan=2 | Niemish | |||
|- | |||
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || daχs || daχōs || rowspan=2 | dach || rowspan=2 | dachas || rowspan=2 | dach || rowspan=2 | dachs | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || daχ || daχans | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || daχis || daχei || dachis || dachī || <span style="color:red">dächs</span> || <span style="color:red">däche</span> | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || daχa || daχam || dacha || dachą || dach || dachą | |||
|} | |||
====Second umlaut (umlaut pattern 2. or a-umlaut)==== | ====Second umlaut (umlaut pattern 2. or a-umlaut)==== | ||
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When followed by a back vowel in the following syllable, short ''i'' and ''u'' were lowered to ''e'' and ''o'' (see Medieval Niemish in the tables). These lowered vowels persisted after apocope eliminated the original trigger of umlaut, elevating short ''e'' and ''o'' to full phonemes in their own right, with ''i''/''e'' and ''u''/''o'' alternation often accounting for the difference between nominative singular and dative singular, or genitive singular and nominative plural: | When followed by a back vowel in the following syllable, short ''i'' and ''u'' were lowered to ''e'' and ''o'' (see Medieval Niemish in the tables). These lowered vowels persisted after apocope eliminated the original trigger of umlaut, elevating short ''e'' and ''o'' to full phonemes in their own right, with ''i''/''e'' and ''u''/''o'' alternation often accounting for the difference between nominative singular and dative singular, or genitive singular and nominative plural: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural | ! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || hunds || hundōs || rowspan=2 | hund || rowspan=2 | <span style="color: | | Nominative || hunds || hundōs || rowspan=2 | hund || rowspan=2 | <span style="color:blue">hondas</span> || rowspan=2 | hund || rowspan=2 | <span style="color:blue">honds</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || hund || hundans | | Accusative || hund || hundans | ||
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| Genitive || hundis || hundei || hundis || hundī || hunds || hunde | | Genitive || hundis || hundei || hundis || hundī || hunds || hunde | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative || hunda || hundam || <span style="color: | | Dative || hunda || hundam || <span style="color:blue">honda</span> || <span style="color:blue">hondą</span> || <span style="color:blue">hond</span> || <span style="color:blue">hondą</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural | ! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || wiχs || wiχōs || rowspan=2 | wich || rowspan=2 | <span style="color: | | Nominative || wiχs || wiχōs || rowspan=2 | wich || rowspan=2 | <span style="color:blue">wechas</span> || rowspan=2 | wich || rowspan=2 | <span style="color:blue">wechs</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || wiχ || wiχans | | Accusative || wiχ || wiχans | ||
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| Genitive || wiχis || wiχei || wichis || wichī || wichs || wiche | | Genitive || wiχis || wiχei || wichis || wichī || wichs || wiche | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative || wiχa || wiχam || <span style="color: | | Dative || wiχa || wiχam || <span style="color:blue">wecha</span> || <span style="color:blue">wechą</span> || <span style="color:blue">wech</span> || <span style="color:blue">wechą</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||