Weddish: Difference between revisions

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|speakers      = 0.01
|speakers      = 0.01
|date          = 2014
|date          = 2014
|imagecaption = [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmqhD4FiOtzwdDZ4TmUtd3ZnMzBSVWU4WnFaTlgxdEE&usp=sharing Online Lexicon]
|imagecaption = [http://weddish.conglang.org weddish.conglang.org]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
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The language was created in 2013 by [[User:aquatiki|Robert Murphy]] as part of an assignment at [[w:Covenant Theological Seminary|Covenant Theological Seminary]] for Professor Jerram Barrs.
The language was created in 2013 by [[User:aquatiki|Robert Murphy]] as part of an assignment at [[w:Covenant Theological Seminary|Covenant Theological Seminary]] for Professor Jerram Barrs.
== Philosophy ==
First and foremost, there is the [[w:Monism#Creator-creature_distinction|Creator-Creature distinction]].  That means, God is wholly other than the Universe.  Second, human beings are made in the [[w:Image of God|image of God]].  This means that we are persons -- like God is -- and our ''agency'' is our single-most important feature.  Third, we reflect the image of God as females '''''or''''' males.  The marriage bond is God-created and a fundamental part of our identity in this life.  Hence it is, that we may divide the world into: actors, non-actors, and actions.  Stated grammatically, this list becomes: ergative nouns, absolutive nouns, and verbs.  Furthermore, ergative nouns may be divided up into married and non-married actors, which we will mark with the ''dual'' or not.
We have said that ontologically speaking, there are ultimately only Two (God and not-God).  However, the 800lb. gorilla in the room -- philosophically speaking -- is [[w:Abstraction|abstraction]].  Since before [[w:Pythagoras|Pythagoras]], abstract nouns (such as numbers, "goodness", etc.) had been held by the Greeks to be [[w:Ontology|ontic]].  Westerners betray their affinity to Greek ideals, classifying humanity as ''homo sapiens'' - "thinking man".  We seek to disenthrall ourselves from this metaphysic and therefore ''banish'' abstract nouns from our language.  Numerals are adjectives.  Infinity is that which we cannot see the end of.  Universals are the same as aggregates ("all" is the same as "sum" ... but not "some"!).
The [[w:Language Creation Society|Language Creation Society]] (an excellent institution) waves the flag of the [[w:Tower of Babel|Tower of Babel]].  Unlike the hubristic men of the initial chapters ''In the Land of Invented Languages'' ([[w:Arika Okrent|Arika Okrent]]'s chronicle), we do not believe we can undo what God has done to human speech by intellectual rigor.  Our aim is for Jews and Christians to discuss the truth in ''better'' terms.  The status of English as a ''lingua franca'', German as a language of science, and Hebrew as a holy language suggests that an Indo-European language is still the best option for an ''a posteriori'' auxlang, but with Semitic components.  Rather than compete with those vital languages, however, it seems most prudent to build upon a base of all at once, utilizing a language that is already as eclectic as English, similar to German, and informed by Hebrew.  That language is Yiddish.  Basque serves as an inspiration for new categories and "outside the box" thinking.
== Phonology ==
Weddish has 25 consonantal sounds, which is typologically average <ref>http://wals.info/chapter/1</ref>, and common in Europe as well as the Middle East.  English speakers will find it to be common, apart from the lack of <tt>/w/</tt> and the abundance of <tt>/x/</tt> (like the ''ch'' in ''Bach'' or ''loch'').  Weddish has 6 vowels, which is also average<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/2</ref>, as is the resulting consonant-to-vowel ration<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/3</ref>.  This is typologically equivalent to Yiddish and Hebrew, but far less than German or English.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left; font-size:large;"
|+ '''Consonants of Weddish'''
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2"|
! style="text-align: center;"|Labial
! style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar
! style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar
! style="text-align: center;"|Dorsal
! style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasals
| '''מ''' <tt>/m/</tt>
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''נ''' <tt>/n/</tt>
| * <tt>/ŋ/</tt>
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Stops
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''פ''' <tt>/p/</tt>
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''ט''' <tt>/t/</tt>
| '''ק''' <tt>/k/</tt>
| '''א''' <tt>/ʔ/</tt>
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''ב''' <tt>/b/</tt>
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''ד''' <tt>/d/</tt>
| '''ג''' <tt>/g/</tt>
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fricatives
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''פֿ''' <tt>/f/</tt>
| '''ס''' <tt>/s/</tt>
| '''ש''' <tt>/ʃ/</tt>
| '''כ''' <tt>/x/</tt>
| '''ה''' <tt>/h/</tt>
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''װ''' <tt>/v/</tt>
| '''ז''' <tt>/z/</tt>
| '''זש''' <tt>/ʒ/</tt>
| '''ר''' <tt>/ʁ/</tt>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricates
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
| '''צ''' <tt>/ts/</tt>
| '''טש''' <tt>/tʃ/</tt>
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|
| '''דז''' <tt>/dz/</tt>
| '''דזש''' <tt>/dʒ/</tt>
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximants
|
| '''ל''' <tt>/l/</tt>
| '''י''' <tt>/j/</tt>
|
|
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; float: right; font-size:large;"
|+  '''Vowel phonemes in Weddish'''
!
! style="text-align: center;"|Front
! style="text-align: center;"|Central
! style="text-align: center;"|Back
|-align=center class=small
|-align=center
! High
| '''י''' <tt>/i/~/ɪ/</tt>
|
| '''ו''' <tt>/u/~/ʊ/</tt>
|-
! Mid
| '''ע''' <tt>/e/~/ɛ/</tt>
| ''' ׳ ''' <tt>/ə/</tt>
| '''אָ''' <tt>/o/~/ɔ/</tt>
|-
! Low
|
| '''ַא''' <tt>/ɐ/~/ä/</tt>
|
|}
<br  clear="right" />
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right; font-size:large;"
|+ '''Diphthongs in Weddish'''
!
! +y
! +w*
|-
! a
| '''ײַ''' = ay
| <small>'' '''אַו''' = aw'' *</small>
|-
! e
| '''ײ''' = ey
|
|-
! o
| '''ױ''' = oy
| <small> '' '''אָו''' = ow'' * </small>
|}
<br clear="both" />
Voicing is contrastive in both plosives and fricatives, like Yiddish and English<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/4</ref>.  Vowel nasalization and rounding are not phonemic<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/11</ref>.
There are several issues in the pronunciation of individual sounds.  The rhotic of Weddish is either alveolar or uvular<ref>As in Hebrew, uvular may be seen as the most prestigious form: http://wals.info/chapter/6</ref> and may be anything from a fricative, to a flap, to a trill, to an approximant.  No R-colors vowels are permitted.  Words that begin with a vowel are separated from a prior open syllable by a glottal stop.  The velar nasal only occurs when an "n" is assimilated in place of articular before or after an "x", "k", or "g", in a syllable coda<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/9</ref>.  '''ng''' is pronounced <tt>/ŋg/</tt>, not just <tt>/ŋ/</tt>.  '''L''' is typically dark (aka "velarized") except before '''i'''.  '''Ayen''' is always romanized '''e''', but signifies the schwa in unaccented syllables.
In the dialect of the Americas, central vowels retain a color of their original/short form.  Elsewhere, they are all central, except <tt>/a/</tt> before glottals and <tt>/ɪ/</tt> before labials.  The rhotic must not be retroflex!  Americans also pronounce '''aw''' and '''ow''' as diphthongs, which is readily understood.
=== Orthography ===
Weddish written in the Hebrew alphabet, mostly following the standard of YIVO Yiddish, except for '''gereš''' as the šva.  There is a one-to-one correspondence between grapheme and phoneme, except for three digraphs and one trigraph.  Weddish also has its own Romanization scheme, largely Slavic in appearance.  In it, <tt>/ʃ/</tt> is written '''š''', <tt>/ʒ/</tt> is written '''ž''', <tt>/j/</tt> is written '''y''', <tt>/ts/</tt> is written '''c''', <tt>/tʃ/</tt> is written '''č''', <tt>/dʒ/</tt> is written '''dž''', and <tt>/ʁ/</tt> is written '''r'''.
If the syllable after a diphthong begins with a vowel, the off-glide of the diphthong is doubled as the onset of that next syllable, '''''without being written again'''''.  Thus '''zeyer''' is pronounced <tt>/zey.yer/</tt>.
As in Hebrew, five letters have "final" forms, when they occur at the end of a word.  These forms do not affect pronunciation at all. 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Initial/Medial
| '''מ'''
| '''נ'''
| '''פֿ'''
| '''צ'''
| '''כ'''
|-
! Final
| '''ם'''
| '''ן'''
| '''ף'''
| '''ץ'''
| '''ך'''
|}
Alphabetical order is ('''gereš''',) '''alef''', '''alef pasex''', '''alef kamec''', '''beys''', ('''veys''',) '''giml''', '''dalet''', '''dalet''', '''hey''', '''vov''', '''gvováyin''', '''šurek''', '''zayen''', ('''xes''',) '''tes''', '''yud''', '''yud xirik''', '''gyudayin''', '''gyudayin pasex''', '''vov yud''', '''xof''', ('''xof dageš''',) '''lamed''', '''mem''', '''nun''', '''samex''', '''ayen''', '''pey''', '''fey''', '''cadek''', '''kuf''', '''reyš''', ('''sin''',)  '''šin''' (, '''tav''', '''sav''').
When necessary to avoid confusion (e.g. with an adjacent װ or ױ), <tt>/u/</tt> can be precisely specified with a '''וּ''', called a '''šurek'''.  <tt>/i/</tt> can be invoked as '''יִ''', that is a '''yud xirek'''. 
==== Others Languages====
Yiddish has many loanwords from Hebrew and Aramaic which are written using the Hebrew abjad in the Semitic way.  Weddish, however, writes these words out according to its own orthographic conventions.  There are times when it is necessary to use the ancient letters, especially in religious settings.  Hebrew ''hataf'' vowels are recognized as short vowel signs, and are treated as part of "extended Weddish" (see next paragraph).
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Lošn Koydeš Letter
| '''בֿ'''
| '''ח'''
| '''כּ'''
| '''שׂ'''
| '''ת'''
| '''תֿ'''
| '''אֲ'''
| '''אֳ'''
| '''אֱ'''
| אֻּ
| אִּ
|-
! Equivalent
| '''װ'''
| '''כ'''
| '''ק'''
| '''ס'''
| '''ט'''
| '''ס'''
| '''אַ''' short
| '''אָ''' short
| '''ע''' short
| '''וּ''' short
| '''יִ''' short
|}
In Hebrew, words from other languages are typically written out in the Latin alphabet.  However, Weddish makes an attempt at Hebraization of foreign terms into the Hebrew alphabet.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Extended Latin
| th/θ/þ
| th/ð
| w
| ā, etc.
| ü, etc.
| é, etc.
| ñ
| æ
|-
! Extended Hebrew
| '''טֿ'''
| '''דֿ'''
| '''װֿ'''
| '''אַֿ'''
| '''וּ֯'''
| '''ע֫'''
| '''׆'''
| '''ﭏ'''
|}
==== X"Q ====
There is also a highly ornate style of writing Weddish, called '''xtiv qoydeš''' ("holy writing", abbr. x"q) where letters are used not as an alphabet, but as an abjad.  Vowels may or may not be written in this style.  When written, they are written as diacritical marks ("points") around the consonants.  In this style, '''v''' is written as '''ו''' and '''y''' as '''י'''.  Vowels are as follows, with the '''א''' written in syllables with no onset:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Standard
! X"Q
! Roman.
|-
| '''אַ'''
| '''אַ'''
| '''a'''
|-
| '''ﭏ'''
| '''אָ'''
| '''o'''
|-
| '''ע'''
| '''אֶ'''
| '''e'''
|-
| '''י'''
| '''אִ'''
| '''i'''
|-
| '''ו'''
| '''אֻ'''
| '''u'''
|-
| '''ײ'''
| '''אֵ'''
| '''ey'''
|-
| '''ײַ'''
| '''אַי'''
| '''ay'''
|-
| '''ױ'''
| '''אֹ'''
| '''oy'''
|-
| '''אָו'''
| '''אָי'''
| '''ow'''
|-
| '''אַו'''
| '''אַו'''
| '''aw'''
|-
| ø
| '''אְ'''
| <tt>/ə/</tt>
|-
| ø
| '''לֽ'''
| ''syllabic''
|}
Handwriting, or cursive, is the same as Hebrew and Yiddish.  The Braille system is [[w:Hebrew Braille]].
[[File:Alfabet.hebrajski.png]]
==== Puncuation ====
A '''gereš''' - ׳ - is basically an apostrophe in Hebrew, but in Weddish it is a letter, a central vowel.  The "double gereš" ('''geršáyim''') is used to indicate contractions.  Quotation markers occur bottom-and-top, as in German (i.e. „ייִסראַעל“).  Periods in a traditional serif face usually looks like a tiny tilted square (a diamond; ◊). This is also true for the dot part of the question mark, and exclamation mark.  As in Hebrew, the left-to-right question mark is used, not the Arabic right-to-left one.  Periods in normal space use the ancient sof pasuk ⟨׃⟩.  Paseq ⟨׀⟩ acts as a comma.  The atnax is used when writing out poetry, to symbolize line breaks.  The makef <־> is used instead of hypehens.
== Phonotactics ==
Weddish phonotactics are inherited from Yiddish, which are quite permissive on the world scale<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/12</ref>.  While they do not rise to the level of Georgian or Salish, they are nevertheless sometimes difficult for English speakers.  Gemination only becomes phonemic across word boundaries.  Consonant clusters are spontaneously broken up across syllables in order to make codas less complicated and, if necessary, onsets more so.
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Liquids and fricatives may be said syllabically.  Syllabic consonants often occur at the end of a word.  In an unstressed syllable, syllabic sonorants and syllables with a reduced vowel are indistinguishable.  In stressed syllables, no vowel is written, the onset and coda are optional or may consist of a single stop.
=== Onsets ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:560px;"
! colspan="25" | Onset Consonant Clusters
|-
|
! b || g || d || dz || dž || h || v || z || ž || t || č || y || x || l || m || n || s || p || f || c || k || r || š
|-
! b
| || '''bg''' || '''bd''' || || || || || || || || || '''by''' || || '''bl''' || || || || || || || || '''br''' ||
|-
! g
|| || || || || || || '''gv''' || '''gz''' || || || || '''gy''' || || '''gl''' || || '''gn''' || || || || || || '''gr''' ||
|-
! d
|| || || || || || || '''dv''' || '''dz''' || || || || '''dy''' || || '''dl''' || || '''dn''' || || || || || || '''dr''' ||
|-
! dz
|| || || || || || || '''dzv''' || || || || || '''dzy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! dž
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''džy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''hy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''vy''' || || '''vl''' || || || || || || || || '''vr''' ||
|-
! z
| '''zb''' || '''zg''' || || || || || '''zv''' || || || || || '''zy''' || || '''zl''' || '''zm''' || '''zn''' || || || || || || '''zr''' ||
|-
! ž
| '''žb''' || '''žg''' || || || || || '''žv''' || || || || || '''žy''' || || '''žl''' || '''žm''' || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || '''tv''' || || || || || '''ty''' || '''tx''' || '''tl''' || '''tm''' || '''tn''' || '''c''' || || '''tf''' || || '''tk''' || '''tr''' || '''č'''
|-
! č
| || || || || || || '''čv''' || || || || || '''čy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! y
| || || || || || || || || || || ||  || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! x
| || || || || || || '''xv''' || || || || || '''xy''' || || '''xl''' || '''xm''' || '''xn''' || '''xs''' || || || '''xc''' || '''xk''' || '''xr''' || '''xš'''
|-
! l
| || || || || || || || || || || ||  || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! m
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''my''' || || '''ml''' || || || || || || || || '''mr''' ||
|-
! n
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''ny''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || '''sd''' || || || || '''sv''' || || || '''st''' || '''sč''' || '''sy''' || '''sx''' || '''sl''' || '''sm''' || '''sn''' || || '''sp''' || '''sf''' || || '''sk''' || '''sr''' ||
|-
! p
| || || || || || || '''pv''' || || || '''pt''' || || '''py''' || '''px''' || '''pl''' || || '''pn''' || '''ps''' || || '''pf''' || || '''pk''' || '''pr''' || '''pš'''
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''fy''' || || '''fl''' || || || || || || || || '''fr''' ||
|-
! c
| || || '''cd''' || || || || '''cv''' || || || || || '''cy''' || || '''cl''' || || '''cn''' || || || || || || '''cr''' ||
|-
! k
| || || '''kd''' || || || || '''kv''' || || || '''kt''' || || '''ky''' || '''kx''' || '''kl''' || || '''kn''' || '''ks''' || || || || || '''kr''' ||
|-
! r
| || || || || || || || || || || ||  || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! š
| || || || || || || '''šv''' || || || '''št''' || '''šč''' || '''šy''' || '''šx''' || '''šl''' || '''šm''' || '''šn''' || || '''šp''' || '''šf''' || || '''šk''' || '''šr''' ||
|}
There are three-consonant clusters allowed that begin with '''s''' or '''š''' plus a voiceless stop plus a liquid: '''spl''', '''spr''', '''str''', '''skr''', '''skl''', '''špl''', '''špr''', '''štr''', '''škl''', and '''škr''' but not '''stl''' or '''štl'''.
American's should take care with '''dr''', '''tr''', '''štr''', and '''str''' not to "africatize" the cluster.
=== Codas ===
Final '''t''''s and '''c''''s devoice any other code consonants.  In writing, it may look like there are therefore combinations not possible on the chart below, but they are pronounced devoiced.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:560px;"
! colspan="25" | Coda Consonant Clusters
|-
!
! b || g || d || dz || dž || h || v || z || ž || t || č || y || x || l || m || n || s || p || f || c || k || r || š
|-
! b
| || || '''bd''' || '''bdz''' || || || || '''bz''' || '''bž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! g
| || || '''gd''' || '''gdz''' || || || || '''gz''' || '''gž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || '''dz''' || '''dž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! dz
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! dž
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || '''vz''' || '''vž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! z
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! ž
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || '''tx''' || ||  ||  || '''c''' || || || || || || '''č'''
|-
! č
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! y
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||  ||
|-
! x
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''xt''' || || || || || '''xs''' || '''xp''' || || || '''xk''' || || '''xš'''
|-
! l
| '''lb''' || '''lg''' || '''ld''' || '''ldz''' || '''ldž''' || || '''lv''' || '''lz''' || '''lž''' || '''lt''' || '''lč''' ||  || '''lx''' || || '''lm''' || '''ln''' || '''ls''' || '''lp''' || '''lf''' || '''lc''' || '''lk''' || || '''lš'''
|-
! m
| '''mb''' || || '''md''' || '''mdz''' || '''mdž''' || || || ='''mdz''' || ='''mdž''' || || || || || || || || ='''mps''' || '''mp''' || ='''mpf''' || || || || ='''mpš'''
|-
! n
| || '''ng''' || '''nd''' || '''ndz''' || '''ndž''' || || || ='''ndz''' || ='''ndž''' || '''nt''' || '''nč''' || || ='''nkx''' || || || || ='''nc''' || || || '''nc''' || '''nk''' || || ='''nč'''
|-
! s
|  ||  ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  || '''st''' || '''sč''' ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || '''sp''' ||  || '''sc''' || '''sk''' || ||
|-
! p
| ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||  ||  || '''pt''' || '''pč''' ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || '''ps''' ||  || '''pf''' || '''pc''' || '''pk''' || || '''pš'''
|-
! f
| ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||  ||  || '''ft''' || '''fč''' ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || '''fs''' || '''fp''' ||  || '''fc''' || || '''fk''' || '''fš'''
|-
! c
|-
! k
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || '''kt''' || '''kč''' ||  || '''kx''' ||  ||  ||  || '''ks''' ||  || '''kf''' || '''kc''' ||  ||  || '''kš'''
|-
! r
| '''rb''' || '''rg''' || '''rd''' || '''rdz''' || '''rdž''' || || '''rv''' || '''rz''' || '''rž''' || '''rt''' || '''rč''' ||  || '''rx''' || || '''rm''' || '''rn''' || '''rs''' || '''rp''' || '''rf''' || '''rc''' || '''rk''' || || '''rš'''
|-
! š
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  || '''št''' ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  '''šs''' || '''šp''' || || || '''šk''' ||  ||
|}
There are also ''liquids plus stop plus homorganic, alveolar fricative'': '''lps, lbz, lks, lgz, rps, rbz, rks, rgz.'''
== Suprasegmentals ==
Stress is predicable, if one knows the root of a word.  The first syllable of the root receives primary stress, with secondary stresses proceed out onto alternating syllables, forwards and backwards.  (The major exception is the dual, which moves the stress of a word with an odd number of syllables.)  The default rhythm of Weddish is ''trochaic'': '''stressed'''-unstressed.  Neither vowel length nor stress is phonemic. Long vowels indicate stress. If the word is long, one of the first three syllables must have primary stress.  Prefixes and suffixes all have an underlying vowel which is expressed or repressed in order to maintain the rhythm pattern.  Two syllables with reduced vowels may not follow each other. 
Polar and interrogative questions are both marked by a rising tone at the end of the utterance.
== Syntax ==
{{ClassMeter
{{ClassMeter
|Name = Weddish
|Name = Weddish
Line 517: Line 77:
|order = SVO
|order = SVO
}}
}}
Weddish aims to appeal to English speakers.  While the verbal-system is somewhat new, the noun-system should be easy.  Nouns are not inflected, but pronouns have unique forms that show part of speech.  Like German, articles inflect, not the noun.  Weddish (like English) only has gender on the independent third person personal pronouns.  Otherwise there are just noun classes, a system taken from Basque.  People, animals, and things that can move on their own are "animate", while plants and other objects are "inanimate".  Adjectives do not inflect unless substantive, and there are not many adjectives.  Most descriptors are intransitive verbs.
[[File:MorphSyntAlign2.png|left]]Weddish has an ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment.  This was purposefully chosen to stimulate thinking, and done in imitation of Basque.  Most languages in the world treat the actor of transitive verb and the subject of an intransitive verb in the same way.  The object of a transitive verb is special in these systems.  It can be promoted to the subject via the passive voice.  Normally, it must come after the verb.  Weddish treats the ''object'' of a transitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb the same, called the "absolutive case".  Actors of transitive verbs are specially, called the "ergative case".  This is the special case in Weddish.  It must come before the verb and can be demoted by the anti-passive voice.
<br />
It would be tempting to classify Weddish as VSO (subject-veb-object) like Hebrew, but that's not quite right.  It is, in fact, a V2 language, which means the verb always wants to come second.  (Discourse particles and few other things do not count towards calculating where "second" is, and entire phrases are taken as a whole when counting this place.)  Because core cases are marked almost solely by word order, the actor of a transitive verb (the ergative case) must come before the verb, i.e. first in the sentence.  It could also be said that intransitive sentences are VSO and transitive ones are SVO.
The V2 Principle is carried throughout Weddish, to the point where it might be labeled a "head second" language.  This is not a recognized typology, since languages are either head-initial, head-final, or mixed.  In compound nouns, the head is second.  For auxiliary verbs, the head verb is second.  For nouns with attributive modifiers, the article comes first, but adjectives come after the noun, making it head-second as well.
=== Number ===
English, Hebrew, Yiddish and many other languages have two numbers: singular and plural.  Weddish (like Arabic) has three: singular, dual, and plural.  Obviously, the dual is for two of something, and the plural therefore means three or more.  However, in regards to persons, the dual is used on married people, even if only one of them is being spoken about.  Exceptions can be made in every case except the ergative, which is reserved for the spouses to use on each other.  This distinction does not apply in the third person for people not present.
Weddish also distinguishes whether actions were done as individuals or all as a group.  It also possible to add "associates" of a noun to it. 
=== Copula ===
The verb "to be", "to become", and "to have" are all copulas in Weddish.  That means they all use only the absolutive case, never the ergative.  However, "to be" and "to have" are more like "to equal" and "to exist".  "I have shoes" is literally "Shoes exist to me".  This can be easier for Far East Asians to learn than Westerners. 
<br clear="both" />
== Morphology ==
=== Case ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right"
! colspan="4" | Genitive
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | '''פֿון'''/'''fun'''
|-
! Dative || Ablative || Partitive || Equative
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ל׳'''/'''l-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ב׳'''/'''b-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''מ׳'''/'''m-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ק׳'''/'''k-'''
|}
By default, all nouns are in the ''absolutive'' case.  But, if they are placed '''''before''''' the verb, then they are said to be in the ergative case, though their morphology is unchanged. Linguists call these two case the "core cases" of a language, since they are fundamental.  There are five additional cases --- called "non-core" cases --- that are also very important.  Unlike many languages that have ''suffixing'' case marking, Weddish has ''prefixing''.  This is because they are derived from Hebrew Inseparable Prepositions.  Phrases in the non-core cases either relate to the verb (and are hence, adverbial), or are in a noun phrase.  In relation to nouns, the core cases are all seen as greater specificity ''within'' the genitive case.
Non-core cases all fall under the umbrella term "genitive".  The generic genitive is not a case ''per se'', but a preposition (meaning, a separable preposition).  An expression like '''די לינע פֿונ געלט/di line fun gelt'''/''the love of money'' is even more ambiguous in Weddish than in English.  It may mean ''the love [belonging] to money'', ''the love in/by money'', ''the love from/composed of money'', or ''the love as/according to money''.  After a genitive phrase has been established or is implicitly understood, the phrase may incorporated be into a compound noun using the "head-second" structure.
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
|+ '''Case, Articles, and IP's'''
!
! colspan="3" | Definite
! Indefinite
! rowspan="2" | Anarthrous
|-
!
! <small>anim.sg</small>
! <small>dl</small>
! <small>inan.sg/pl</small>
! <small>sg/dl</small>
|-
! Erg.
| '''{{C|der}}'''
| rowspan="2" | '''{{C|dos}}'''
| rowspan="2" | '''{{C|di}}'''
| rowspan="2" | '''{{C|a}}([[Contionary:an|n]])'''
| rowspan="2" | ø
|-
! Abs.
| '''{{C|dem}}'''
|-
! Dat.
| '''{{C|lem}}'''
| '''{{C|ler}}'''
| '''{{C|li}}'''
| '''{{C|len}}'''
| '''l-'''
|-
! Abl.
| '''{{C|bem}}'''
| '''{{C|bos}}'''
| '''{{C|bi}}'''
| '''{{C|bam}}'''
| '''b-'''
|-
! Part.
| '''{{C|mem}}'''
| '''{{C|mos}}'''
| '''{{C|mi}}'''
| '''min a'''
| '''m-/{{C|min}}'''
|-
! Eq.
| '''{{C|kem}}'''
| '''{{C|kos}}'''
| '''{{C|ki}}'''
| '''{{C|ka}}'''
| '''k-'''
|}
The definite article is always determined.  In the following hierarchy, if an article is any of these, it is also all those to the left:
* Identifying --> Anaphoric --> Well-Known --> ''Par Excellence'' --> Monadic
=== Number ===
Weddish verbs conjugate for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), but nouns inflect '''''eleven''''' different ways!  However, these myriad ways can be easily understood as the optional adding of "associates" to a noun, and distinguishing between masses of individuals and collectives (one forest vs. many trees).  The following table is color-coded to show verb conjugation in the singular (light background), dual (purple), and plural (brown).
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! || Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! Distributive
| '''בין''' <br /> '''bin''' <br /> ''a bee''
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''בינײַים''' <br /> '''bináyim''' <br /> ''two bees each''
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינען''' <br /> '''binen''' <br /> ''bees each''
|-
! Collective
|
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''ג׳בינײַים''' <br /> '''g'bináyim''' <br /> ''a couple of bees''
| '''ג׳בינען''' <br /> '''g'binen''' <br /> ''a group of friends''
|-
! Distributive <br /> Associative
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינאאַװ''' <br /> '''bin'av''' <br /> ''a bee et al each''
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינײַימאאַװ''' <br /> '''bináyim'av''' <br /> ''two bees et al each''
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינענאאַװ''' <br /> '''binen'av''' <br /> ''bees et al each''
|-
! Collective <br /> Associative
| '''ג׳בינאאַװ''' <br /> '''g'bin'av''' <br /> ''a group of a bees et al''
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''ג׳בינײַימאאַװ''' <br /> '''g'bináyim'av''' <br /> ''a group of two bees et al''
| '''ג׳בינענאאַװ''' <br /> '''g'binen'av''' <br /> ''a group of bees et al''
|}
There are a plethora of paradigms for the distributive plural formations, 99% of which time come straight from the Yiddish plural.  The regular plural endings for nouns are ס- -s for a noun that ends in an unstressed r, m, n, or vowel, ען- -en after a stressed vowel, m, n, ng, or nk and ן- -n for most other types of nouns.
There are a very large number of nouns with irregular distribute plural forms, including -es (these are usually nouns of Slavic origin), and -er with umlaut (eg., man 'man', cf mener 'men'; kind 'child', cf kinder 'children'), or umlaut alone (eg., האנט hant 'hand', cf הענט hent 'hands'). Many words of Hebrew origin form plurals, not with -im, but with -in (like Aramaic).  Feminine Hebrew word end in -es. Many plural forms of words are accompanied with a stem vowel mutation.
The dual ending is unique, in that is shifts the accent pattern of the root to itself.  It may be written '''-áyim''' to indicate that shift.  This shift triggers vowel reduction of of the previous syllable, if it is a diphthong (cutting it down to its first vowel).
The number affixes may be summarized as follows:
* '''g-''' is the collective prefix, which turns most groups into "one's"
* '''-áyim''' is the dual suffix, while '''-s/es''' and '''-n/en/in''' are the inanimate and animate distributive plurals respectively.  Vowel reduction and/or umlaut may occur.
* '''-'av''' is the associative plural
Forms lacking the collective plural endings are automatically distributive unless singular.
=== Pronouns ===
==== Independent Personal ====
Absolutive independent personal pronouns are most commonly used with ø-copula clauses to show predication.  Such sentences are distinguished from those with the "to be" verb, which show absolute identity, as opposed to mere attribution.  '''Gu Yidiš'''/''We are Jewish'' vs. '''Big Džonzez'''/''We are (the) Jones's''.
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! colspan="2" |
! Ergative
! Absolutive
! Dative
! Ablative
! Partitive
! Equative
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1
! <small>sg</small>
| '''{{C|'ix}}'''
| '''{{C|mix}}'''
| '''{{C|mir}}'''
| '''{{C|bix}}'''
| '''{{C|mix}}'''
| '''{{C|kix}}'''
|-
! <small>dl</small>
| '''{{C|gurekin}}'''
| '''{{C|gu}}'''
| '''{{C|gir}}'''
| '''{{C|bug}}'''
| '''{{C|ming}}'''
| '''{{C|koug}}'''
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| '''{{C|vir}}'''
| '''{{C|mir}}'''
| '''{{C|undz}}'''
| '''{{C|bu}}'''
| '''{{C|minu}}'''
| '''{{C|ku}}'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2
! <small>sg</small>
| '''{{C|du}}'''
| '''{{C|dix}}'''
| '''{{C|dir}}'''
| '''{{C|bed}}'''
| '''{{C|mind}}'''
| '''{{C|ked}}'''
|-
! <small>dl</small>
| '''{{C|stu}}'''
| '''{{C|stuk}}'''
| '''{{C|stire}}'''
| '''{{C|bist}}'''
| '''{{C|minst}}'''
| '''{{C|kist}}'''
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| '''{{C|'ir}}'''
| '''{{C|ayx}}'''
| '''{{C|'ux}}'''
| '''{{C|bikm}}'''
| '''{{C|mint}}'''
| '''{{C|kat}}'''
|-
! rowspan="5" | 3
! <small>m.a.sg</small>
| '''{{C|er}}'''
| '''{{C|'im}}'''
| '''{{C|'inen}}'''
| '''{{C|bo}}'''
| '''{{C|mino}}'''
| '''{{C|ko}}'''
|-
! <small>inam.sg</small>
| '''{{C|zi}}'''
| '''{{C|es}}'''
| '''{{C|aya}}'''
| '''{{C|ba}}'''
| '''{{C|mina}}'''
| '''{{C|ka}}'''
|-
! <small>dl</small>
| '''{{C|bera}}'''
| '''{{C|hura}}'''
| '''{{C|hav}}'''
| '''{{C|bav}}'''
| '''{{C|minav}}'''
| '''{{C|kav}}'''
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| '''{{C|zey}}'''
| '''{{C|cey}}'''
| '''{{C|čire}}'''
| '''{{C|bouč}}'''
| '''{{C|minč}}'''
| '''{{C|kač}}'''
|-
! <small>f.a.sg</small>
| '''{{C|ši}}'''
| '''{{C|her}}'''
| '''{{C|herz}}'''
| '''{{C|bau}}'''
| '''{{C|mim}}'''
| '''{{C|kauk}}'''
|}
Possessive pronouns (cp. English ''mine'', ''ours'', ''yours'', ''hers'', ''his'', ''its'', ''theirs'')
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
!
! sg !! dl !! pl !! sg !! dl !! pl !! sg !! dl !! pl/inanim.
|-
! Erg.
| מײַן || גורײַן || אונדזער
| דײַן || סטײַן || אײַער
| זײַן (m) הערס (f) || בײַן || זײער
|-
! Abs.
| מײַנס || גורײַנס || אונדזערס
| דײַנס || סטײַנס || אײַערס
| זײַנס (m) הערס (f) || בײַנס || זײערס
|}
==== Interrogative ====
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
|
! Erg. || Abs. || Gen. || Dat. || Abl. || Part. || Eq.
|-
! Persons.
| {{C|mi}} || {{C|ver}} || {{C|vermens}} || {{C|vermen}} || {{C|bimi}} || {{C|mimi}} || {{C|komi}}
|-
! Impers.
| {{C|ma}} || {{C|vos}} || {{C|fun vos}} || {{C|vu}} || {{C|vi}} || {{C|vat}} || {{C|ven}}
|}
The interrogative pronouns do not inflect for person, number, or gender.  Linguists would say they are animate and inanimate, though Weddish grammar calls them "personal" and "impersonal".  They are identical to the relative pronoun (just as in English) and must match their antecedent in animacy, but not in case.  Instead (just as in English) they indicate their new role in the relative clause.
==== Affixes ====
Like Hebrew, Weddish uses enclitic forms of pronouns to indicate several things.  The imperfective aspect uses suffixes to indicate the absolutive argument, and prefixes to indicate the ergative argument.  These same suffixes, when used on nouns, mark a genitive relationship.  On transitive verbs, the prefix (matching) the ergative argument, are obligatory.  Weddish is pro-drop with regards to pronouns, but an affix on both ends is required on transitive verbs.  Remember, there are no ambi-transitive verbs in Weddish.  Use of the independent personal pronouns when the person has been specified on either end of the verb is considered emphatic.
The perfective aspect also has suffixes for intransitive verbs, to indicate the absolutive argument.  However, for transitive verbs, a major of the affixes are circumfixes.  Also, perfective transitive verbs take the suffixes associated with the imperfective to show their absolutive argument.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left;"
|+ Imperfective (and Genitive)
! Person || # || Suffix || Prefix
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>1</big>
! sg
| '''-(n)i'''
| '''ni-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-(u)g'''
| '''gu-'''
|-
! pl
| '''-(n)u'''
| '''na-'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>2</big>
! sg
| '''-(e)d'''
| '''de-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-(e)st'''
| '''sti-'''
|-
! pl
| '''-ti'''
| '''ta-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | <big>3</big>
! anim.
| '''-o'''
| '''ro-'''
|-
! inan.
| '''-(y)a'''
| '''čay-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-av*'''
| ø
|-
! pl
| '''-(ay/i)č'''
| '''čay-'''
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left;"
|+ Perfective
! Person || # || Intransitive || Transitive
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>1</big>
! sg
| '''-ti'''
| '''e(n)-'''
|-
! dl
| ø
| '''x(e)-'''
|-
! pl
| '''-(e)m'''
| '''me- -u'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>2</big>
! sg
| '''-t'''
| '''ta-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-tem'''
| '''ta- -i'''
|-
! pl
| '''-ten'''
| '''ta- -u'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | <big>3</big>
! anim.
| '''-ayl'''
| '''ya-'''
|-
! inan.
| '''-ant'''
| '''ta- -nu'''
|-
! dl
| '''-naya'''
| '''yi- -ina'''
|-
! pl
| '''-ant'''
| '''ta- -u'''
|}
<br clear="both" />
=== Verbs ===
Weddish verbs take affixes for aspect, then use auxiliaries for tense and mood.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right;"
! Normal || Antipassive
|-
| -ei- || -a-
|-
| -ai- || -ei-
|-
| -o- || -ow-
|-
| -oy- || -a-
|-
| -e- || -u-
|-
| -i- || -a-/-e-/-u-
|}
There are several valency-altering operations available in Yiddish, which may be combined.  The anti-passive is formed by ablaut.  The causative is made with the prefix ש׳/š-, which takes its voicing from the next consonant.  The reflexive is made with the prefix היט/hit-, which also takes its voicing from the following consonant.
==== Non-finite ====
The imperfective participle is made by the suffix -(e)n.  The perfective participle is made by the circumfix ge- -en.  The infinitive (also called the infinitive construct) is the participle with a preposition, usually '''cu'''.  The adverbial form (also called infinitive absolute) is simply the participle form unattached.
==== Incorporation ====
On the Mithun scale<ref>Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The Evolution of Noun Incorporation. ''Language'', Vol. 60, No. 4. pp. 847-894.</ref>, Weddish does type-I and type-II noun incorporation.  This means
# דאָװיד ראָקלײביטש יאַגדעס׃ - '''Dovid rokleybič yagdes.'''
#: ''Dovid picks berries.''
#: which is equivalent to
## יאַגדעקלײבאָ דאָװיד׃ - '''Yagdekleybo Dovid.'''
##: ''Dovid berry-picked.''
# ניװאַשאַװ פאָנײַימאָ׃ - '''Nivašav ponáyimo.'''
#: ''I wash his face.''
#: which is equivalent to
## ניפאָנעמװאַשאָ׃ - '''Niponemvašo.'''
##: ''I face-wash him.''
=== Derivation ===
==== Compounding ====
When the relationships between nouns is genitive, and it has already been stated or can easily be implied, compound nouns may be formed.  For example, ''a field for football/soccer'' may become '''fusbolfeld'''.  (Note the loss of abstraction suffixes.)  Suppose it was an Australian rules football field.  Would could make '''fusbolfeldeoystralie'''. Lastly, If one wanted to add that it is '''mgroz'''/''composed of grass'', this could become '''פֿוסבאָלפֿעלדעאויסטראליעגראָז'''/'''fusbolfeldeoystraliegroz'''.  Words with greater than four parts are deemed colloquial.  Word order is "head second",  with the first specifier coming at the very front.  Unlike German, every piece must modify the head.
==== Abstract Nouns ====
All nouns in Weddish are inherently concrete.  Two levels of abstraction are possible through suffixation.  The first signifies the ''practice'' of one or more persons.  The second signifies the ''understanding'' of the practice.  Both are available in both noun classes, with the animate form referring to a person (of either gender).  The "practice"-form occurs much more often in the animate and the "understanding"-form occurs much more often in the inanimate.  Remember, this are no truly abstract nouns in Weddish, for they do not exist.
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! Suffix
! "Tennis"
| gloss
! "Peace"
| gloss
|-
! ø
| '''a tenis'''
| ''a game of tennis''
| '''a šolem'''
| ''a season of peace''
|-
! rowspan="2" | -ay
| '''dos tenisayo'''
| ''his tennis game''
| '''šolemaya'''
| ''her (practice of) peace''
|-
| '''dem tenisayt'''
| ''the tennis player''
| '''dem šolemayt'''
| ''the peacemaker''
|-
! rowspan="2" | -šaft
| '''dos tenisšafte'''
| ''the game of tennis'' / "tennisology"
| '''šolemšafte'''
| ''peace know-how''
|-
| '''a tenisšaft'''
| ''a tennisologist''
| '''a šolemšaft'''
| ''a student of peace''
|}
== Discourse ==
=== Formality ===
=== Particles ===
By far the most commonly occurring particle is '''v-''', which is like a verbal comma.  Yiddish - like English - has the word and/'''un'''.  Weddish, however, only uses that word to connect clauses.  '''v-''' is a return to Hebrew, though typically not at the start of sentences.
== Examples ==
כאָקמאַשאַפֿטנו (אַזױ װײַט עס עמעס װ׳זיכע) באַשטײטאַ מין ג׳פאַרצײַים ׀ גאָטשאַפֿטע װ׳זיכשאַפֿטע׃
כאָקמענו (אַזױ װײַט װי עס עמעסדיך װ׳זיכער) באַשטייטאַ ​​מין געפאַרצײַים ׀ גאָטשאַפֿט װ׳זיכשאַפֿט׃
: '''xokašaftnu (azoy vayt vi es emes v'zixe) bašteyta min gegarcayim: gotšafte v'zixšafte.'''
* ''Our wisdom (so far as it [is] true and certain) consists of a couple of parts: God-life and ourselves-life.'' - Calvin's ''Institutes'' 1.1.1
בי אָנהײב גאָט באַשעפֿאָ די הימל װ׳די ערד׃
* '''bi onheyb Got bašefo di himl v'di erd.'''
* ''In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.'' - Brašit/Genesis 1:1


<big>This language now has its own wiki at [http://weddish.conglang.org weddish.conglang.org]!</big>


<references />
<references />
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Semitic languages]][[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Semitic languages]][[Category:A posteriori]]

Revision as of 13:53, 11 May 2014

Weddish
Vediš
Weddish tree.jpg
Pronunciation[/ˈve(ː).dɪʃ/]
Created byRobert Murphy
Date2013
SettingJewish intermarriage / Systematic Theology
Native speakers0.01 (2014)
SourcesYiddish

Weddish (Weddish: װעדיש, X"Q: וֶדִש, Romanization: Vediš) is a constructed, a posteriori, naturalistic auxlang, made from Yiddish with heavy influences from Hebrew, English, German, and some Basque. It has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment and a pervasive yet symbolic use of the dual. It is meant to promote the institution of marriage, foster better communication between persons, and improve the constructs of systematic theological discussions. It is well-suited as an auxlang for Jewish intermarriage.

The language was created in 2013 by Robert Murphy as part of an assignment at Covenant Theological Seminary for Professor Jerram Barrs.


Weddish
וועדיש
Progress: 43%
Type
fusional
Alignment
Ergative-Absolutive
Head direction
Initial Mixed Final
Primary word order
Subject-verb-object
Tonal
No
Declensions
No
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
2
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect


This language now has its own wiki at weddish.conglang.org!


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