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Naibas: Difference between revisions
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====Superlative==== | ====Superlative==== | ||
The superlative forms by adding ''-ain-'' between the adjective and the gender mark (nivi - niv'''ain'''i 'the tallest'). To mean "the least", ''-uin-'' is placed in said position (nivi - niv'''uin'''i 'the least tall'). Superlative adjectives need the partitive case for the noun they describe, so "the tallest building" would be ''nivaini getox'''ku''''' where ''getox'' (building) has the partitive case mark ''-ku''. Adjectives in Naibas use plural marks if the noun is absent: ''nivixo'' (the tall ones). | The superlative forms by adding ''-ain-'' between the adjective and the gender mark (nivi - niv'''ain'''i 'the tallest'). To mean "the least", ''-uin-'' is placed in said position (nivi - niv'''uin'''i 'the least tall'). Superlative adjectives need the partitive case for the noun they describe, so "the tallest building" would be ''nivaini getox'''ku''''' where ''getox'' (building) has the partitive case mark ''-ku''. Adjectives in Naibas use plural marks if the noun is absent: ''nivixo'' (the tall ones). | ||
===Verbal morphology=== | |||
Verbs use plenty of affixes to express person, number, tense, aspect and object. Depending on the position of the verb inside the phrase and also on the type of verb, affixes may be located in one place or another. For instance, [[w:Labile verb|ergative]] and [[w:Unergative verb|unergative verbs]] mark the subject at the end of the word, whereas [[w:Unaccusative verb|unaccusative verbs]] mark it at the beginning. | |||
Naibas tenses are two: '''present''' tense (or '''no-past''' tense) and '''past''' tense. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Person | |||
! Object marker | |||
! Subject marker (no-past) | |||
! Subject marker (past) | |||
|- | |||
! nue(s) (1SG) | |||
| ma- | |||
| -e- | |||
| -(e)te- | |||
|- | |||
! zue(s) (2SG.M) | |||
| ze- | |||
| -aze- | |||
| -azte- | |||
|- | |||
! azue(s) (2SG.F) | |||
| zi- | |||
| -eze- | |||
| -ezte- | |||
|- | |||
! ana(s) (3SG.M) | |||
| a- | |||
| -a- | |||
| -(a)ta- | |||
|- | |||
! iana(s) (3SG.F) | |||
| i(x)a- | |||
| -i(x)a- | |||
| -(i)tia- | |||
|- | |||
! nun (nus) (1PL) | |||
| nu- | |||
| -un(u)- | |||
| -untu- | |||
|- | |||
! bi(s) (2PL) | |||
| bi(e)- | |||
| -i- | |||
| -(e)ti- | |||
|- | |||
! bie(s) (2DU) | |||
| bi(x)e- | |||
| -i- | |||
| -(e)ti- | |||
|- | |||
! iu(s) (3PL) | |||
| u- | |||
| -u- | |||
| -(e)tu- | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| ane- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
The verb stem, which is always stressed, is located between the object mark and the subject mark in ergative or unergative verbs ('''a'''nur'''e''' - '''I''' pay '''it'''). The final slot of a conjugated verb is occupied by the aspect marker, which can be '''null''' (-Ø) or '''-r(e)''', which marks an unfinished action (imperfective aspect). There are many other affixes that can add information to the verb: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| unfinished action | |||
| -r(e)- | |||
| ''agulere'' 'I'm drinking it' | |||
|- | |||
| habitual action | |||
| -Ø- | |||
| ''agule'' 'I (usually) drink it' | |||
|- | |||
| finished action | |||
| -k/-i/-s | |||
| ''agulek'' 'I've just drunk it' | |||
|- | |||
| condition | |||
| -du- | |||
| ''aguledu'' 'I would drink it' | |||
|- | |||
| possibility | |||
| -gu- | |||
| ''agulegu'' 'I might drink it' | |||
|- | |||
| remote future<br />(barely used) | |||
| -ke- | |||
| ''aguleke'' 'I will drink it (I don't know when) | |||
|- | |||
| present obligation<br />(very informal) | |||
| -pa- | |||
| ''agulepa'' 'I gotta drink it' | |||
|} | |||
====Mood==== | |||
There are three moods in Naibas: indicative, imperative and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]]. The '''imperative''' is formed by not modifying the verb at all (nurk - to pay; nurk! - pay!). | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||