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Hibuese: Difference between revisions
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Due to the nominal nature of all of these words, there is a need to briefly distinguish the deictic ''hi-'' series from the locative ''lu-'' series. The former series 'points' towards a specific referent, often accompanied by physical pointing. The latter series does not and may indicate any entity in the specified location. | Due to the nominal nature of all of these words, there is a need to briefly distinguish the deictic ''hi-'' series from the locative ''lu-'' series. The former series 'points' towards a specific referent, often accompanied by physical pointing. The latter series does not and may indicate any entity in the specified location. | ||
: | : '''''<span style="color:blue">Hina</span> i zwida.''''' | ||
: {{interlinear|abbreviations=E:entity (thing or person that is ...); A:agent (thing or person that does ...) | |||
|hi-na i zwida | |||
| | |DEM.E-1S COP important.E | ||
| | |This (by me) is important.}} | ||
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: | : '''''<span style="color:blue">Luna</span> i zwida.''''' | ||
: {{interlinear|abbreviations=E:entity (thing or person that is ...); A:agent (thing or person that does ...) | |||
|lu-na i zwida | |||
| | |located.E-1S COP important.E | ||
| | |Something here (by me) is important.}} | ||
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When referring to the something that is close to both speaker and listener (such as a house that both are inside), politeness generally dictates that the second person is used as the reference point. Using oneself as the reference point (replacing ''hiwa'' in the following example with ''hina'') indicates that the speaker considers him or herself of a higher rank than the listener. | When referring to the something that is close to both speaker and listener (such as a house that both are inside), politeness generally dictates that the second person is used as the reference point. Using oneself as the reference point (replacing ''hiwa'' in the following example with ''hina'') indicates that the speaker considers him or herself of a higher rank than the listener. | ||
: | : '''''<span style="color:blue">Hiwa</span> mba i ba bazili.''''' | ||
: {{interlinear|abbreviations=E:entity (thing or person that is ...); A:agent (thing or person that does ...) | |||
|hi-wa mba i ba bazili | |||
| | |DEM.E-2S house COP extreme.E old.E | ||
| | |This house (by me) is very old.}} | ||
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===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Noun Phrases (NP)=== | ===Noun Phrases (NP)=== | ||
[[File:Hibuese_NP.png|400px|thumb|right|The structure of noun phrases in Hibuese]]A | [[File:Hibuese_NP.png|400px|thumb|right|The structure of noun phrases in Hibuese]]A '''Noun Phrase''' (NP) in Hibuese consists minimally of a single '''Noun''' (N). The head noun may optionally be followed by a single adjacent modifier (consisting of a Noun Phrase (NP), a Prepositional Phrase (PP) or a Complementiser Phrase (CP)) and/or one or more situational modifiers (consisting of a Situational Phrase (SitP)). There may only be one adjacent modifier per noun phrase, but a single noun is capable of controling multiple situational modifiers. Because an adjacent modifier may consist of a noun phrase, recursion may result in a long, uninterrupted sequence of nouns. | ||
For example, in the following noun phrase, the highest level head noun is '''''bahe''''', with each subsequent noun being the adjacent modifier of the noun to its left. | For example, in the following noun phrase, the highest level head noun is '''''bahe''''', with each subsequent noun being the adjacent modifier of the noun to its left. | ||
: {{interlinear | : {{interlinear|abbreviations=E:entity (thing or person that is ...); A:agent (thing or person that does ...) | ||
|'''bahe''' '''zobye''' '''mbada''' '''mwada''' | |'''bahe''' '''zobye''' '''mbada''' '''mwada''' | ||
|obligated.E visit.A large.house chief | |obligated.E visit.A large.house chief | ||
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===Prepositional Phrases (PP)=== | ===Prepositional Phrases (PP)=== | ||
[[File:Hibuese_PP.png|200px|thumb|right|The structure of noun phrases in Hibuese]]A prepositional phrase in Hibuese consists of a preposition (P) followed by a complement Noun Phrase (NP) or Complementiser Phrase (CP). | |||
There are only two true prepositions in Hibuese: the genitive preposition ''ya'', which roughly means "of", and the equative/attributive preposition ''ye'', roughly meaning "which is". The preposition ''ya'' forms many contractions with nouns as well as with the complementiser ''yu''. | |||
: '''''<span style="color:blue">ya de</span> ngo <span style="color:blue">ye</span> luwa''''' | |||
:→ '''''<span style="color:blue">zyi</span> ngo <span style="color:blue">ye</span> luwa''''' | |||
: {{interlinear|abbreviations=E:entity (thing or person that is ...); A:agent (thing or person that does ...) | |||
|ya de ngo ye lu-wa | |||
|GEN DEF.SG person ATTR located.E-2S | |||
|of the person who is here}} | |||
===Predicate Phrases (PredP)=== | ===Predicate Phrases (PredP)=== | ||
===Complementiser Phrases (CP)=== | ===Complementiser Phrases (CP)=== | ||