138,987
edits
(both Idavic and Dodellian have "alodh, gaeiz, tubhal, meaqhas, paiziomh, alban" numbers) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
mNo edit summary |
||
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
Inspiration: Afro-Asiatic | Inspiration: Afro-Asiatic | ||
:[[Idavic languages/Lexicon]] | |||
:[[Idavic languages/Swadesh]] | |||
==Family tree== | |||
*Idavic | |||
**[[Shalaic]] (j > r, dł > l?) | |||
***[[Shalaian]] (Salisho-Welsh) | |||
**Varkic | |||
***[[Varkun]] (Finno-Arabic) | |||
***Sami gibberish | |||
**Netagic | |||
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim) | |||
**Nabŋaic | |||
***[[Nabbrzé]] (Russo-Arabic) | |||
***[[Ouřefr]] (Czech + Dutch) | |||
==Phonology== | |||
*Consonants: b d dł j g gʷ p t tł č k kʷ q s ł š h ʔ m n ŋ l r w y ř (ř is a retroflex approx.) | |||
*Vowels: a e i u ā ē ī ū | |||
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''ã''') | |||
** Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian and vowel shifts in Netagin. | |||
**Vowels can only be long in stressed syllables. | |||
===Shalaian diachronics=== | |||
*b > v; ɓ > b; g > y, kh, or CL; j > ʒ; ng > ng3 > n3 | |||
*Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H | |||
*q G q' > H ayin q | |||
*further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ | |||
*Vowel shifts: ā > ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/ | |||
*final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i | |||
*Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/ | |||
*Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/ | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
====Allowed root clusters==== | |||
Allowed clusters with no glottal stop: | |||
*mC: mn ml mr my m3 mb md mj mg mp mt mtł ms mł mč mk mkw mq mh | |||
*nC: nm nr n3 ny nw nd ndł nj ng nt ntł ns nš nč nk nkw nq nh | |||
*lC: lm ln l3 ly lw lb ld lj lg lp lt ls lč lk lkw lq lh | |||
*rC: rm rn r3 ry rw rb rd rdł rj rg rp rt rł rtł rs rč rk rkw rq rh | |||
*3C: 3m 3n 3l 3r 3y (never initial) 3w 3b 3d 3dł 3j 3g 3p 3t 3s 3ł 3tł 3č 3k 3kw 3q | |||
*Cm: nm lm rm 3m dm jm gm tm sm šm čm łm tłm km kwm qm hm | |||
*Cn: mn ln 3n bn dn jn gn pn tn sn šn čn łn tłn kn kwn qn hn | |||
*Cl: ml nl 3l rl bl dl jl fl tl sl šl čl kl kwl ql hl | |||
*Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr jr pr tr sr šr čr kr kwr qr hr | |||
*Cy: my ny ly ry 3y (never initial) by py dy ty sy šy ły dły tły gy ky qy hy | |||
*Cw: nw 3w dw dłw jw tw tłw sw łw čw qw | |||
*C3: m3 n3 l3 r3 b3 d3 j3 p3 t3 tł3 ł3 s3 š3 č3 k3 kw3 q3 | |||
*XX: any cluster of 2 obstruents are allowed, as long as they agree in voicing and are not both dorsal (k, g, kw, gw, q); in addition, s + voiced stop and š + voiced stop | |||
==Morphology== | |||
Combine German, Semitic and PIE morphologies | |||
Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Idavic. Shalaic retained the Proto-Idavic accent system, while Netagic lost it with a shift to stem-initial stress and a vowel split conditioned by creaky voice. | |||
The three genders, the three numbers and the possessive suffixes are Proto-Idavic features. Shalaian added a new alienable-inalienable possession distinction by creating alienable possessive prefixes from genitive pronouns. | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
*independent: lī, dā, kʷā, nidí | |||
*emphatic: *swi-li, *swi-da, *swi-kʷa, *swi-nídi | |||
===Root structure=== | |||
Idavic roots were consonantal roots similar to PIE and Semitic languages: most roots were biconsonantals C-C or triconsonantals alternating between CVC(ə)C (also called the ''segolate form'') and C(ə)CVC (also called the ''antisegolate form'') by Schwebeablaut. | |||
2-letter roots: | |||
*√t-q 'to say' (a source of Shal. ''θāħ'') | |||
*√ʕ-d 'to shine, to show' (source of Shal. ''lyd'' 'bright'; ''ládmar'' 'happiness' comes from a root extension √ʕ-dm) | |||
*√ʕ-n 'high, raised' | |||
3-letter roots: | |||
*√qdVb~qVdb 'true' | |||
In Late Proto-Idavic, Schwebeablaut alternations are part of the inflectional morphology of a word. In Early Proto-Idavic they are thought to have been phonologically conditioned: | |||
*The default state is the CVCC form: ''qidb'' 'to be true'; ''qidbti'' 'loyalty' | |||
*With closed syllable in the prefix the segolate form is used: ''hin·qídb'' 'to verify' → ''li·hinqadb'' 'I verify' | |||
*With open syllable in the prefix the antisegolate form is used: ''ri·qádb'' 'to stay true' → ''li·ríqdab'' 'I stay true' | |||
===Ablaut=== | |||
There were several ablaut grades: | |||
*zero-grade (CC) | |||
*a-grade (CaC ~ CCa or CaCC ~ CCaC) | |||
*i-grade (CiC ~ CCi or CiCC ~ CCiC) | |||
*u-grade (CuC ~ CCu or CuCC ~ CCuC) | |||
*lengthened grades: ā, ī, ū-grades (intensive? transitive? plural? nominalization? pair up with short grades?) These are more derivational than inflectional. | |||
*creaky voice: causative and intensive | |||
Many prefixes and suffixes require certain ablaut grades. | |||
[[Netagin]] is the only Idavic language to preserve the Proto-Idavic ablaut system and develop it into a system of verb conjugation, binyanim, and noun and adjective patterns. (How should it do that?) | |||
====Examples==== | |||
√ʕ-d 'to shine' | |||
*Intransitive verbs: ''-ʕad- ~ -ʕid- ~ -ʕd-'' = to shine | |||
*Adjectives: ''ʕīd'' = bright | |||
*Noun: | |||
**''ʕād'' = light | |||
**''ʕā̃d'' = Sun, star? (singulativized collective) | |||
**creaky voice marked singulatives: ''ʕãd'' = ray; they were honorific-gender | |||
*Action or state noun: ''ʕud-ar'' = (state of) shining, brightness | |||
*Deverbal nouns: | |||
*Derived stems: | |||
**''wa·ʕā́d'' = to polish | |||
**''ʕãd-ī́r'' = to illuminate, to show (source of Shal. ''għa'téer'' 'to prove') | |||
**''ʕád-m-ar'' = (root extension) happiness, joy | |||
**''ʕíd-n-ar'' = (root extension) beauty, radiance | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
TODO: needs a more PIE-like feel; shift accents, lengthen/change root vowels | |||
Proto-Idavic had 3 genders: inanimate (i), animate (a), and abstract (h). The abstract gender evolved to serve honorific functions in Shalaian, hence the abbreviation "h". | |||
Nouns declined for four cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive) and three numbers (singular, dual, plural). | |||
Idavic nouns could have plurals marked with case suffixes (''weak nouns'') and sometimes with ablaut and/or reduplication and then marked with singular suffixes (''strong nouns''). Broken plurals often developed into lexicalized singular nouns in Shalaian. | |||
====Animate==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''rū̃sa'' 'dog' | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Dual | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
!| Nominative | |||
| ''rū̃sa'' || ''rū̃sandi'' || ''rusā́n'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Accusative | |||
| ''rū̃say'' || ''rūsandi'' || ''rusī́k'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Dative | |||
| ''rū̃sam'' || ''???'' || ''rusī́s'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Genitive | |||
| ''rū̃sat'' || ''???'' || ''rusā́ka'' | |||
|} | |||
====Inanimate==== | |||
acc = nom for inanimates and abstracts | |||
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''šármi'' 'stone' | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Dual | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
!| Nominative | |||
| ''šármi'' || ''šármindi'' || ''šarmā́t'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Accusative | |||
| ''šármi'' || ''šármindi'' || ''šarmā́t'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Dative | |||
| ''šármin'' || ''???'' || ''šarmī́s'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Genitive | |||
| ''šármit'' || ''???'' || ''šarmā́ka'' | |||
|} | |||
====Abstract==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''ʕídnas'' 'radiance' | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Dual | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
!| Nominative | |||
| ''ʕídnasi'' || ''ʕídnasandi'' || ''ʕidnā́si'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Accusative | |||
| ''ʕídnasi'' || ''ʕídnasandi'' || ''ʕidnā́si'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Dative | |||
| ''ʕidnásin'' || ''???'' || ''ʕidnā́sin'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Genitive | |||
| ''ʕidnást'' || ''???'' || ''ʕidnā́sit'' | |||
|} | |||
====Possessive suffixes==== | |||
Possessive suffixes were added directly to the case form of a noun. | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
! Possessor !! Suffix | |||
|- | |||
! First person singular | |||
| *-li | |||
|- | |||
! Second person singular | |||
| *-di | |||
|- | |||
! Third person singular | |||
| *-hī ~ *-sī (his/her)<br/>*-ha ~ *-sa (its) | |||
|- | |||
! First person plural | |||
| *-kʷi | |||
|- | |||
! Second person plural | |||
| *-nikʷi | |||
|- | |||
! Third person plural | |||
| *-hist ~ *-sist | |||
|} | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives agreed with nouns in number, gender and case. | |||
Adverbs were formed from adjectives by replacing the case suffix with ''-u''. | |||
====Class 1==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''ʕīd-'' 'bright' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | | |||
! colspan="3" | singular | |||
! colspan="3" | plural | |||
|- | |||
!animate | |||
!inanimate | |||
!abstract | |||
!animate | |||
!inanimate | |||
!abstract | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| ''ʕī́da'' || ''ʕī́du'' || ''ʕī́das'' || ''ʕidā́n'' || ''ʕidā́'' || ''ʕidā́si'' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ''ʕī́day'' || ''ʕī́di'' || ''ʕī́dasi'' || ''ʕidī́'' || ''ʕīdā́ka'' || ''ʕīdā́si'' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| ''ʕī́dam'' || ''ʕī́din'' || ''ʕī́dasin'' || ''ʕidī́s'' || ''ʕidī́s'' || ''ʕidā́sin'' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''ʕī́dat'' || ''ʕī́dit'' || ''ʕī́dasit'' || ''ʕidā́ka'' || ''ʕidā́ka'' || ''ʕidā́sit'' | |||
|} | |||
====Class 2==== | |||
Broken plurals; no gender distinction in plural | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs had the following forms: | |||
*imperative | |||
*imperfect (either nonpast or imperfective aspect) | |||
*past participle | |||
*infinitive or verbal noun | |||
*mi-infinitive (analogous to the German zu-infinitive) | |||
*mi-participle (analogous to the German zu-participle) | |||
Verbs were not inflected for person. | |||
====Paradigms==== | |||
There were two regular classes of verbs, strong and weak verbs, much like strong and weak verbs in Germanic. Note: The infinitive was formed in a variety of ways. | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
! !! weak-unprefixed !! weak with separable prefix !! strong-unprefixed !! strong with separable prefix | |||
|- | |||
! imperative | |||
| ''kadár! ''||'' kadár čal! ''||'' ʔakʷ! ''||'' ʔakʷ nuš!'' | |||
|- | |||
! imperfect | |||
| ''kadī́rik ''||'' čal·kadī́r ''||'' ʔákʷik ''||'' nuš·ʔákʷ'' | |||
|- | |||
! active participle | |||
| ''kadī́riškʷ- ''||'' čal·kadī́riškʷ- ''||'' ʔákʷiškʷ- ''||'' nuš·ʔákʷiškʷ-'' | |||
|- | |||
! passive participle | |||
| ''ʔa·kadirī́n- ''||'' čálʔa·kadirī́n- ''||''ʔa·ʔúkʷč- ''||''núšʔa·ʔúkʷč-'' | |||
|- | |||
! infinitive | |||
| ''kadérti ''||'' čálkadérti ''||'' ʔā́kʷi~ʔãkʷi~ʔā̃kʷi~ʔekʷi ''||'' núšʔakʷi, núšʔekʷi, etc.'' | |||
|- | |||
! mi-infinitive | |||
| ''mi·kadérti ''||'' čálmikaderti ''||'' mi·ʔā́kʷi~mi·ʔãkʷi~mi·ʔā̃kʷi ''||'' núšmiʔakʷi, núšmiʔekʷi, etc.'' | |||
|- | |||
! mi-participle | |||
| ''mi·kadī́riškʷ- ''||'' čálmikadiriškʷ- ''||''mi·ʔákʷiškʷ- ''||'' núšmiʔakʷiškʷ-'' etc. | |||
|} | |||
====Auxiliaries==== | |||
Auxiliaries conjugated in imperfect and preterite tenses, in addition to the usual verb forms. | |||
*''kan-'' 'to have' = haben | |||
*''hī-'', ''hā-'' 'to be' = sein | |||
*''łar'' 'to come'/''tay-'' 'to become' = werden | |||
need modals | |||
==Syntax== | |||
Lifted from German: V2, SAuxOV, verb final in subordinate clauses | |||
==Derivation== | |||
Proto-Idavic had an extensive array of derivational affixes. | |||
Root extensions: suffixes | |||
*Creaky voice marked intensive or transitive verbs like the Semitic geminate binyan | |||
*''-ay'' (h): deverbal noun | |||
*With prefixed verbs, the stress shift derives verbal nouns: *ri·kʷā́n 'to rest' → ·ríkʷan 'rest'. This is the source of some infinitives being marked with stress shifts in [[Shalaian]] (''riwháin, ríwhain'' 'sleep'). | |||
*''-gʷidi'' (i): augmentative; derives nouns | |||
*''-t'' (i): verbal noun, resultative | |||
*''-aʕ'' (a): agentive | |||
*''-ī́r'': causative verbs | |||
*''-áy'': causative, change of state | |||
*''-ā́l'': transitive or causative verbs | |||
*''dan-'': applicative, like German ''be-'' | |||
*''tar-'': frequentative | |||
*''nar-'': telic | |||
*''šu-'': mis-, over- | |||
*''ur-'': causative, change of state | |||
*''ri-'': detransitivizer, passive | |||
*''-mak'': nominalizer | |||
*{{angbr|''n''}}: continuative? frequentative? | |||
*C1aC2- reduplicant: graduative | |||
*''-jan'': instrument noun | |||
Todo: separable prefixes | |||
[[Category:Language families]] |
edits