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|-
|-
!'''Near-Close'''
!'''Near-Close'''
|'''i/y''' /ɪ/
|'''i/y''' /ɪ/ [ɪ]*
|
|
|'''o''' /ʊ/
|'''o''' /ʊ/
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|-
|-
!'''Near-Open'''
!'''Near-Open'''
|'''a''' [æ]*
|'''a''' /æ/
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
|'''a''' /a/
|'''a''' [a]*
|
|
|
|
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|}
|}
''*allophone''
''*allophone''
==Phonotactics==
===Allowed Syllables===
*(C)(C)V(C)(C)
'''Consonant Clusters'''
''Word Initial''
*[fricative]+[nasal,liquid,stop]
*[stop]+[nasal,liquid,fricative]
''Word Internal''
''Word Final''
*[fricative]+[stop]
*[stop]+[fricative]
*/m/+/b/
*/n/+[stop,excluding /b/]
===Phonological Rules===
*/ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
*/s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
*/s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
*/ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
*/j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
*/j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
*/j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
*/æ/ > [a] / _/j/$
===Stress===
=Orthography=
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|Uppercase !! Romanization || A || B || C || D || Ð || E || F || G || H || I || K || L || M || N || O || P || R || S || Þ || T || U || V || W || Y
|-
!Voþken
|[[File:A-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:b-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:c-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:d-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:ð-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:e-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:f-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:g-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:h-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:i-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:k-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:l_UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:m-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:n-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:o-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:p-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:r-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:s-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:þ-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:t-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:u-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:v-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:w-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:y-UC.svg|20px]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|Lowercase !! Romanization || a || b || c || d || ð || e || f || g || h || i || k || l || m || n || o || p || r || s || þ || t || u || v || w || y
|-
!Voþken
|[[File:A-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:b-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:c-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:d-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:ð-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:e-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:f-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:g-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:h-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:i-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:k-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:l-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:m-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:n-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:o-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:p-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:r-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:s-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:þ-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:t-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:u-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:v-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:w-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:y-LC.svg|20px]]
|}


=Grammar=
=Grammar=
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|}
|}


'''Examples''':<br>
'''Examples''':<br/>
''norgig'' - to be curious<br>
''norgig'' - to be curious<br/>
''norgygyn'' - curiosity<br>
''norgygyn'' - curiosity<br/>
 
''menig'' - to enjoy<br/>
''menygyn'' - enjoyment<br/>
 
''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br/>
''cwenoygon'' - infatuation<br/>
 
''eþag'' - to sleep<br/>
''eþaygan'' - slumber<br/>
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="5"|Verb to Adjective
|-
!Verb
| -ag
| -eg
| -ig
| -og
|-
!Suffix
| -any
| -eny
| -iny
| -ony
|}
 


''menig'' - to enjoy<br>
'''Examples''':<br/>
''menygyn'' - enjoyment<br>


''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br>
''menig'' - to enjoy<br/>
''cwenoygon'' - infatuation<br>
''meniny'' - enjoyable<br/>


''eþag'' - to sleep<br>
''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br/>
''eþaygan'' - slumber<br>
''cwenony'' - loveable<br/>
 
''wesog'' - to destroy<br/>
''wesony'' - destroyable<br/>
 
''cwinag'' - to give<br/>
''cwinany'' - giveable<br/>
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="2"|
!Voþken
!English Approximation
|-
!rowspan="5|Adjective to:
!Adverb
| -dwa
| -ly
|-
!Noun
| -ah
| -ness
|-
!Verb
| -unk
| -ize, -ise
|-
!Adjective
| -sla
| -ish
|}
 
'''Examples''':<br/>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="2"|
!Voþken
!English Approximation
|-
!rowspan="5|Noun to:
!Adverb
|
|
|-
!Verb
| -rið
| -fy
|-
!Adjective
| -ym
| -y
|}


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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|surewyr
|surewyr
|}
|}
===Derivational Suffixes===
Diminutive suffix: -aryn


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|onne
|onne
|onest
|onest
|onnest
|onwest
|onyr
|onyr
|onneyr
|onneyr
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|uððe
|uððe
|uðest
|uðest
|uððest
|uðwest
|uðyr
|uðyr
|uððeyr
|uððeyr
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|itta
|itta
|test
|test
|ittest
|itwest
|tayr
|tayr
|ittayr
|ittayr
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|suþþe
|suþþe
|suþest
|suþest
|suþþest
|suþwest
|suþyr
|suþyr
|suþþeyr
|suþþeyr
|}
===Correlatives===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
!rowspan="2"|Interrogative
!colspan="3"|Demonstrative
!colspan="5"|Quantifier
|-
!Proximal
!Medial
!Distal
!Assertive Existential
!Elective Existential
!Universal
!Negatory
!Positive Alternative
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Determiner
!Singular
|'''''foy''''' <br/> which
|'''''led''''' <br/> this
|'''''loyd''''' <br/> that
|'''''seg''''' <br/> yon
|rowspan="2"|'''''byrcym''''' <br/> some
|rowspan="2"|'''''bytym''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylym''''' <br/> every <br/> each <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivym''''' <br/> no
|rowspan="2"|'''''byonym''''' <br/> another
|-
!Plural
|'''''feyd''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledeþ''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydeþ''''' <br/> those
|'''''segeþ''''' <br/> yonder
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pronoun
!rowspan="2"|Human
!Singular
|'''''frycegoþ''''' <br/> who
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that
|'''''segah''''' <br/> yon
|'''''byrcgoþ''''' <br/> someone
|'''''bytgoþ''''' <br/> anyone <br/> anybody <br/> whoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylgoþ''''' <br/> everyone <br/> everybody <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivgoþ''''' <br/> no one <br/> nobody
|rowspan="2"|'''''byongoþ''''' <br/> another <br/> someone else <br/> somebody else
|-
!Plural
|'''''frycegoþeþ''''' <br/> whom
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those
|'''''seghe''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''byrcgoþeþ''''' <br/> somebody
|'''''bytgoþeþ''''' <br/> whomever <br/> whosoever <br/> whomsoever
|-
!rowspan="2"|Nonhuman
!Singular
|'''''fryce''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that
|'''''segah''''' <br/> yon
|rowspan="2"|'''''byrc''''' <br/> something
|rowspan="2"|'''''byt''''' <br/> anything <br/> whatever <br/> whatsoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veyl''''' <br/> everything <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwiv''''' <br/> nothing
|rowspan="2"|'''''byon''''' <br/> something else <br/> else <br/> other
|-
!Plural
|'''''fryceþ''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those
|'''''seghe''''' <br/> yonder
|-
!colspan="2"|Out of Two (dual)
|'''''fryceuþ''''' <br/> which one
|'''''ledsuþ''''' <br/> this one
|'''''loydsuþ''''' <br/> that one
|'''''segsuþ''''' <br/> yon
|'''''suþ''''' <br/> one
|'''''bytsuþ''''' <br/> either <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|'''''veylsuþ''''' <br/> both
|'''''þwivsuþ''''' <br/> neither
|'''''byonsuþ''''' <br/> other
|-
!colspan="2"|Out of Many (plural)
|'''''fryceuþþe''''' <br/> which
|'''''ledsuþþe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydsuþþe''''' <br/> those
|'''''segsuþþe''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''suþþe''''' <br/> some
|'''''bytsuþþe''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|'''''veylsuþþe''''' <br/> each <br/> all
|'''''þwivsuþþe''''' <br/> none
|'''''byonsuþþe''''' <br/> another
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pro-Adverb
!colspan="2"|Location
|'''''fest''''' <br/> where
|'''''festyng''''' <br/> here
|'''''festynþ''''' <br/> there
|'''''festynt''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''byrcfest''''' <br/> somewhere
|'''''bytfest''''' <br/> anywhere <br/> wherever <br/> wheresoever
|'''''veylfest'''''<br/> everywhere
|'''''þwivfest''''' <br/> nowhere
|'''''byonfest''''' <br/> elsewhere
|-
!colspan="2"|Source
|'''''fiþ''''' <br/> whence
|'''''fiþng''''' <br/> hence
|'''''fiþnþ''''' <br/> thence
|'''''fiþnt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfiþ'''''<br/> somewhence
|'''''bytfiþ''''' <br/> anywhence <br/> whencever <br/> whencesoever
|'''''veylfiþ''''' <br/> everywhence
|'''''þwivfiþ''''' <br/> nowhence
|'''''byonfiþ''''' <br/> elsewhence
|-
!colspan="2"|Goal
|'''''fast''''' <br/> whither
|'''''fastyng''''' <br/> hither
|'''''fastynþ''''' <br/> thither
|'''''fastynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfast'''''<br/> somewhither
|'''''bytfast''''' <br/> anywhither <br/> whitherever <br/> whithersoever
|'''''veylfast''''' <br/> everywither
|'''''þwivast''''' <br/> nowhither
|'''''byonfast''''' <br/> elsewhither
|-
!colspan="2"|Time
|'''''feyþ''''' <br/> when
|'''''feyþyng''''' <br/> now
|'''''feyþynþ''''' <br/> then
|'''''feyþynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfeyþ''''' <br/> sometime <br/> somewhen
|'''''bytfeyþ''''' <br/> anytime <br/> anywhen <br/> whenever <br/> whensoever
|'''''veylfeyþ''''' <br/> always <br/>  everywhen
|'''''þwivfeyþ''''' <br/> never <br/> nowhen
|'''''byonfeyþ''''' <br/> elsewhen <br/> another time
|-
!colspan="2"|Manner
|'''''fost''''' <br/> how <br/> whereby
|'''''fostyng''''' <br/> thus <br/> hereby
|'''''fostynþ''''' <br/> thereby
|'''''fostynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfost''''' <br/> somehow
|'''''bytfost''''' <br/> anyhow <br/> however <br/> howsoever
|'''''veylfost''''' <br/> everyway <br/> everyhow
|'''''þwivfost''''' <br/> no way <br/> no how
|'''''byonfost''''' <br/> otherwise <br/> elseway <br/> elsehow
|-
!colspan="2"|Reason
|'''''frih''''' <br/> why <br/> wherefor
|'''''frihyng''''' <br/> herefore
|'''''frihynþ''''' <br/> therefore
|'''''frihynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfrih''''' <br/> somewhy <br/> for some reason
|'''''bytfrih''''' <br/> anywhy <br/> whyever <br/> whysoever
|'''''veylfrih''''' <br/> everywhy
|'''''þwivfrih''''' <br/> nowhy
|'''''byonfrih''''' <br/> elsewhy
|}
|}


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|ayð
|ayð
|ayðy
|ayðy
|-
!Present Hodiernal
|eþand
|eþande
|venind
|veninde
|hadond
|hadonde
|wanend
|wanende
|aynd
|aynde
|-
!Past Hodiernal
|eþatand
|eþactand
|venitind
|venictind
|hadotond
|hadoctond
|wanetend
|wanectend
|aytind
|ayctind
|-
!Future Hodiernal
|eþwaðand
|eþwaðyand
|venwiðind
|venwiðyind
|hadoðond
|hadoðyond
|waneðend
|waneðyend
|ayðind
|ayðyind
|}
|}
===Hodiernal Tenses===
Hodiernal tenses in Voþken were previously pure hodiernal tenses referring to current day (present hodiernal), earlier in the day (past hodiernal), and later in the day (future hodiernal). Eventually the scope of both the past and future hodiernal tenses became wider and now refers exclusively to yesterday and tomorrow.
====Register Split====
Since the temporal widening of the hodiernal case, the words corresponding to the time periods that the hodiernal tenses refer to have lost usage in the upper parts of Voþ societies and a register split has occurred where using the hodiernal conjugations are looked at as elegant proper speech.


===Passive===
===Passive===
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|He must have drank the water.
|He must have drank the water.
|-
|-
|cwat
|loy
|Polite Permission
|Polite Permission
|On cwat sun þray?
|On loy sun þray?
|Might I leave?
|Might I leave?
|-
|-
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|I can run.
|I can run.
|-
|-
|lo
|loy
|Possibility
|Possibility
|On lo noyk.
|On loy noyk.
|I could fall.
|I could fall.
|-
|-
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|I may leave.
|I may leave.
|-
|-
|loy
|veh
|Permission
|Permission
|Kyað onest loy voy þray?
|Kyað onest veh voy þray?
|May I drink the water?
|May I drink the water?
|-
|-
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|þray
|þray
|Interrogative
|Interrogative
|Uð vask ay þray?
|Uð vaskdwa ay þray?
|Are you well?
|Are you well?
|}
|}
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==Adpositions==
==Adpositions==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|+ Prepositions
! !! Voþken !! Associated Case !! English
|-
!rowspan="3"| Grammatical
|þwai || Ablative || away from, from
|-
|dac || Instrumental || with, by means of
|-
|swyn || Causal || for, for the purpose of
|-
!rowspan="10"|Location
|við || Adessive || near, at, by
|-
|cod || Antessive || before
|-
|ede || Apudessive || next to
|-
|guþ || Inessive || inside
|-
|ðal || Intrative || between
|-
|cef || Locative || at, on, in
|-
|kres || Pertingent || touching
|-
|nem || Postessive || behind
|-
|ðrei || Subessive || under
|-
|eft || Superessive || on top of
|-
!rowspan="5"|Motion from
|grun || Ablative || away from
|-
|fec || Delative || from the top of
|-
|hid || Egressive || beginning from (some time)
|-
|nera || Elative || out of the
|-
|myu || Initiative || beginning from (some location)
|-
!rowspan="5"|Motion to
| deg || Allative || to (the side of)
|-
| yet|| Illative || into
|-
| gyn || Lative || to (the location of)
|-
| hym || Sublative I || onto
|-
| royt || Sublative II || to (under)
|-
!rowspan="3"|Relation
| gehet || Ablative || concerning
|-
| bedwað || Benefactive || for, for the benefit of
|-
| cinem || Causal || because of, due to, because
|}
==Questions==
===The Interrogative===
===Yes/No/Yea/Nay===
Voþken has a four-form answer system for yes/no questions. They are divided into two types of questions: affirmative and negative.
'''''Affirmative'''''<br>
''Uð vaskdwa ay þray?'' - Are you well?<br>
''Hwa.'' - Yes.<br>
''Ða'' - No.<br>
'''''Negative'''''<br>
''Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray?'' - Are you well?<br>
''Hact.'' - Yea.<br>
''Ðeu'' - Nay.<br>
===Question Words===


=Numbers=
=Numbers=
The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
The number system of Voþken is a base 5 system that reaches up to 5^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
Zero is "rukya".


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|Digit
!rowspan="2"|Digit
!colspan="6"|Powers of 12
!rowspan="2"|Ancient Glyph
!rowspan="2"|Modern Glyph
!colspan="6"|Powers of 5
|-
|-
!12^0
!5^0
!12^1
!5^1
!12^2
!5^2
!12^3
!5^3
!12^4
!5^4
!12^5
!5^5
|-
|0
|[[File:NUM rukya ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM rukya.svg|20px]]
|rukya
|colspan="5"|
|-
|-
|1
|1
|[[File:NUM gad ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM gad.svg|20px]]
|gad
|gad
|gadur
|gadur
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|-
|-
|2
|2
|[[File:NUM þes ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM þes.svg|20px]]
|þes
|þes
|þesur
|þesur
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|-
|-
|3
|3
|an
|[[File:NUM syk ancient.svg|20px]]
|anur
|[[File:NUM syk.svg|20px]]
|anara
|anora
|anira
|anurþa
|-
|4
|syk
|syk
|sykur
|sykur
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|sykurþa
|sykurþa
|-
|-
|5
|4
|[[File:NUM wyk ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM wyk.svg|20px]]
|wyk
|wyk
|wykur
|wykur
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|wykira
|wykira
|wykurþa
|wykurþa
|}
==Mathematics==
All math expressions are read from right to left just as the orthography is read.
''Operators''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Operation
!Operator
!Voþken Term
!Translation
|-
|-
|6
|addition
|vað
|
|vaður
[[File:OP hes.svg|20px]]
|vaðara
|hes
|vaðora
|and
|vaðira
|vaðarþa
|-
|-
|7
|subtraction
|nesk
|[[File:OP vat.svg|20px]]
|neskur
|vat
|neskara
|take
|neskora
|neskira
|neskurþa
|-
|-
|8
|Unary Minus
|com
|[[File:OP isna.svg|20px]]
|comur
|isna
|comara
|debt
|comora
|comira
|comurþa
|-
|-
|9
|multiplication
|pwa
|*
|pwar
|
|pwara
|
|pwaora
|pwaira
|pwarþa
|-
|-
|10
|division
|syen
|/
|syenur
|
|syenara
|
|syenora
|-
|syenira
|equate
|syenurþa
|[[File:OP twac.svg|20px]]
|twac
|same, equal
|-
|-
|11
|exponentiate
|fwoyl
|[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]]
|fwoylur
|
|fwoylara
|
|fwoylora
|-
|fwoylira
|logarithm
|fwoylurþa
|[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]]
|
|
|}
|}
=Sample Texts=
<b>Onyr ðoþ onest guweð.</b><br>
1-GEN destiny-ABS 1-ERG see-FUT<br>
'You will see your doom/destiny.'<br>
[ʊ.nɪɹ ðʊθ ʊ.nɛst gu.wɛð]<br>
<b>Dac kwenð goþ ittest ciet.</b><br>
PREP-INSTR bad person-ABS 3PL-ERG oppress-PERF<br>
'They were oppressed by the bad person.'<br>
[dæʃ kwɛnð gʊθ it.tɛst ʃi.ɛt]<br>
<b>Nydfirs onest cosdwa cwelet, ledah firs onest cwel þwi, hes þyufirs onest kiþ cweleð.</b><br>
Lastday-ABS 1-ERG long-ADV run-PERF, this day-ABS 1-ERG run NEG, and nextday-ABS 1-ERG again run-FUT<br>
'Yesterday I ran far, today I did not run, and tomorrow I will run again.'<br>
[nɪd.fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃʊz.dwæ ʃwɛl.ɛt lɛ.dæx fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃwɛl θwi xɛs θju.fiɹz kiθ ʃwɛl.ɛð]<br>
[[Category: Languages]][[Category: A priori]][[Category: Voþken]][[Category: Ergative-absolutive languages]]
Iancgil
1,279

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