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Old Shalaian/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Finite clauses | Finite clauses have unmarked word order SV, OAV and use ergative syntax: | ||
preverb | preverb dir_obj subj ind_obj verb place manner time. | ||
Infinitive clauses are VSO and accusative; the preposition ''mi'' must be used before a direct object in infinitive clauses. | Infinitive clauses are VSO and accusative; the preposition ''mi'' must be used before a direct object in infinitive clauses. | ||
''Mi''-infinitive clauses lack the ergative argument | ''Mi''-infinitive clauses lack the ergative argument when using transitive verbs, and use OV order and accusative syntax | ||
An example of a clause with a transitive verb: | |||
Ingánakh tładméen wa fígħdri u shaanf. | |||
3SG.A.ERG-PST-3PL.ABS plant-PST.PTCP DEF.PL flower-PL DEF.SG.A woman | |||
Aux V O S | |||
The woman planted the flowers. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
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Genitive noun phrases use possessive affixes on the possessed noun: | Genitive noun phrases use possessive affixes on the possessed noun: | ||
:'' | :''laš'''ý''' Ráičal'' = Rachel's hand (inalienable possession) | ||
===Nominal sentences=== | ===Nominal sentences=== | ||
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Verbal wh-questions are always cleft sentences: The material after the wh-word becomes a relative clause with the wh-word as the head. The relative clause can be a ''cha''-clause vs. a ''vi''-clause: | Verbal wh-questions are always cleft sentences: The material after the wh-word becomes a relative clause with the wh-word as the head. The relative clause can be a ''cha''-clause vs. a ''vi''-clause: | ||
:'''''Yan vi | :'''''Yan vi u shaanf inágħdi?''''' | ||
:yan vi | :yan vi in-għád-i u shaanf | ||
:what VI.PRES | :what VI.PRES 3SG.A-see-INF DEF.SG.A woman | ||
:''What | :''What does the woman see?'' (lit. What is that which the woman sees?) | ||
:'''''Yakh għan do'ch | :'''''Yakh għan do'ch agħd vikh rṓjas?''''' | ||
:yakh għan do'ch a- | :yakh għan do'ch a-għád-0 vikh rōj-as | ||
:who here CHA.NEG.PRES 3SG.A-see-3SG.I VI.PST do.INF-3SG.H | :who here CHA.NEG.PRES 3SG.A-see-3SG.I VI.PST do.INF-3SG.H | ||
:''Who here does not see what she (hon.) has done?'' (lit. Who here is it that does not see that which she has done?) | :''Who here does not see what she (hon.) has done?'' (lit. Who here is it that does not see that which she has done?) | ||
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'There is' clauses use the word ''whid'' at the beginning of the word, and have-possessives use the structure ''whid'' + the thing possessed + the preposition ''għar'' + possessor. The negative of ''whid'' is ''yaan'ch'' 'there is not' (etymologically from an interrogative *yan cha' whid "where is..."), and the negative interrogative form is ''maand''. | 'There is' clauses use the word ''whid'' at the beginning of the word, and have-possessives use the structure ''whid'' + the thing possessed + the preposition ''għar'' + possessor. The negative of ''whid'' is ''yaan'ch'' 'there is not' (etymologically from an interrogative *yan cha' whid "where is..."), and the negative interrogative form is ''maand''. | ||
:'''''Yaan'ch | :'''''Yaan'ch għar áifer vojlid.''''' | ||
:''There is no justice in this (fact or situation).'' | :''There is no justice in this (fact or situation).'' | ||
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A verbal ''vi''-clause has the form | A verbal ''vi''-clause has the form | ||
(when intransitive) vi-preverb + verb.INF | (when intransitive) vi-preverb + other constituents verb.INF | ||
or | or | ||
(when transitive) vi-preverb + POSSESSIVE_i-verb.INF + ergative noun_i + other constituents. | (when transitive) vi-preverb + POSSESSIVE_i-verb.INF + ergative noun_i + other constituents. | ||
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vi-preverb predicate. | vi-preverb predicate. | ||
===='' | ====''če''-clauses==== | ||
Forms of '' | Forms of ''če'' are used when the head of the relative clause is NOT absolutive. Unlike ''vi''-clauses, ''če''-clauses use finite verbs and are more syntactically straightforward. Resumptive pronouns (referring back to the head) are usually used in a ''če''-clause, either on the verb or on other constituents. | ||
===Complement clauses=== | ===Complement clauses=== | ||
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However, the infinitive construction ''għar'' + infinitive is more commonly used: | However, the infinitive construction ''għar'' + infinitive is more commonly used: | ||
*''Għar shá'unal, vor shafiħée mi shontái | *''Għar shá'unal, vor shafiħée, għar wáirjan mi shontái.'' = When I awake, she begins to play the violin. | ||
*''Għar sháfiħal | *''Għar sháfiħal, as kaléer mi wair, lōkh shafiħée mi shontái.'' = When I began singing the song, she began playing. | ||
*''Łar't | *''Łar't lidanjáis shṓlriv, chōns għar khairée.'' (FUT 1SG-follow-3SG.A together every LOC go-3SG.A = Whenever she goes, I'm going together with her.'') | ||
In infinitive clauses, the possessor of the infinitive is the absolutive noun, and ''mi'' is used in front of the ergative noun. | In infinitive clauses, the possessor of the infinitive is the absolutive noun, and ''mi'' is used in front of the ergative noun. | ||
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:''It's okay for Mary to drink milk.'' | :''It's okay for Mary to drink milk.'' | ||
Alternatively, the | Alternatively, the possessed infinitive construction can be used: | ||
:'''''Khuméen hoshnée Máiri mi whádi.''''' | :'''''Khuméen hoshnée Máiri mi whádi.''''' | ||