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Old Shalaian/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Finite clauses | Finite clauses have unmarked word order SV, OAV and use ergative syntax: | ||
preverb | preverb dir_obj subj ind_obj verb place manner time. | ||
Infinitive clauses are VSO and accusative; the preposition ''mi'' must be used before a direct object in infinitive clauses. | Infinitive clauses are VSO and accusative; the preposition ''mi'' must be used before a direct object in infinitive clauses. | ||
''Mi''-infinitive clauses lack the ergative argument when using transitive verbs, and use OV order and accusative syntax. | ''Mi''-infinitive clauses lack the ergative argument when using transitive verbs, and use OV order and accusative syntax | ||
An example of a clause with a transitive verb: | |||
Ingánakh tładméen wa fígħdri u shaanf. | |||
3SG.A.ERG-PST-3PL.ABS plant-PST.PTCP DEF.PL flower-PL DEF.SG.A woman | |||
Aux V O S | |||
The woman planted the flowers. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
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Genitive noun phrases use possessive affixes on the possessed noun: | Genitive noun phrases use possessive affixes on the possessed noun: | ||
:'' | :''laš'''ý''' Ráičal'' = Rachel's hand (inalienable possession) | ||
===Nominal sentences=== | ===Nominal sentences=== | ||
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Verbal wh-questions are always cleft sentences: The material after the wh-word becomes a relative clause with the wh-word as the head. The relative clause can be a ''cha''-clause vs. a ''vi''-clause: | Verbal wh-questions are always cleft sentences: The material after the wh-word becomes a relative clause with the wh-word as the head. The relative clause can be a ''cha''-clause vs. a ''vi''-clause: | ||
:'''''Yan vi | :'''''Yan vi u shaanf inágħdi?''''' | ||
:yan vi in-għád-i u shaanf | :yan vi in-għád-i u shaanf | ||
:what VI.PRES 3SG.A-see-INF DEF.SG.A woman | :what VI.PRES 3SG.A-see-INF DEF.SG.A woman | ||
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A verbal ''vi''-clause has the form | A verbal ''vi''-clause has the form | ||
(when intransitive) vi-preverb + verb.INF | (when intransitive) vi-preverb + other constituents verb.INF | ||
or | or | ||
(when transitive) vi-preverb + POSSESSIVE_i-verb.INF + ergative noun_i + other constituents. | (when transitive) vi-preverb + POSSESSIVE_i-verb.INF + ergative noun_i + other constituents. | ||
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vi-preverb predicate. | vi-preverb predicate. | ||
===='' | ====''če''-clauses==== | ||
Forms of '' | Forms of ''če'' are used when the head of the relative clause is NOT absolutive. Unlike ''vi''-clauses, ''če''-clauses use finite verbs and are more syntactically straightforward. Resumptive pronouns (referring back to the head) are usually used in a ''če''-clause, either on the verb or on other constituents. | ||
===Complement clauses=== | ===Complement clauses=== | ||