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éi > /e:, Ij/
éi > /e:, Ij/
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== Phonology ==
The 26 vowel [[phoneme]]s of Standard Danish (14 short and 12 long) correspond to 21 [[morphophoneme]]s (11 short and 10 long).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! colspan="2" | {{small|unrounded}}
! colspan="2" | {{small|rounded}}
|-
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
| {{IPA link|y}}
| {{IPA link|yː}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e̝|e}}
| {{IPA link|e̝|eː}}
| {{IPA link|ø}}
| {{IPA link|øː}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
|
| {{IPA link|o}}
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link|eː|ɛː}}
| {{IPA link|œ}}
| {{IPA link|œː}}
| {{IPA link|ɐ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɒ|ɔ}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ̝|ɔː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|æ|a}}
| {{IPA link|ɛː|aː}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɑ̈|ɑ}}
| {{IPA link|ɑ̈|ɑː}}
| {{IPA link|ɒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɒː}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ [[Morphophoneme]]–[[phoneme]]–[[phone (phonetics)|phone]] correspondence{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=45–7, 52, 57–9, 71, 546–7}}{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|pp=36–7, 59–61, 287–92, 420–1}}
! rowspan="2" | Morpho-<br />phoneme
! colspan="2" | [[Tautosyllabic]] <br />environment
! rowspan="2" | Phoneme
! rowspan="2" | Phone
! rowspan="2" | Narrow <br />tran-<br />scription
! rowspan="2" | Example
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Note
|-
! After
! Before
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}i{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/i/}}
| {{IPA|[i]}}
| {{IPA|[i]}}
| ''m'''i'''s''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}iː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
| ''m'''i'''le''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}e{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/e/}}
| {{IPA|[e̝]}}
| {{IPA|[e̝]}}
| ''l'''i'''st''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝]}}
| ''br'''i'''st''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}eː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{IPA|[e̝ː]}}
| {{IPA|[e̝ː]}}
| ''m'''e'''le''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝ː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝ː~ɛ̝j]}}
| ''gr'''e'''ne''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɛ{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{IPA|[e]}}
| {{IPA|[e]}}
| ''l'''æ'''st''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
| ''b'''æ'''r''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|∅|Nothing}}, {{abbr|D|Dorsal (palatal, velar or uvular)}}{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} or {{IPA|/ɑ/}}
| {{IPA|[æ~ɑ]}}
| {{IPA|[a~ɑ̈]}}
| ''r'''æ'''kke''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[ɑ]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=45}}
|-
|
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɑ̈]}}
| ''kr'''æ'''ft''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɛː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
| ''m'''æ'''le''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|[eː~ɛː]}}
| {{IPA|[eː~ɛː]}}
| ''b'''æ'''re''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[ɛː]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=149}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝ː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ̝ː~ɛ̝j]}}
| ''kr'''æ'''se''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}d{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/ɑː/}}
| {{IPA|[æː~ɑː]}}
| {{IPA|[æː~ɑ̈ː]}}
| ''gr'''æ'''de''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[ɑː]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=285}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}a{{pipe}}}}
| ≠ {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|A|Alveolar}}{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{IPA|[æ]}}
| {{IPA|[æ]}}
| ''m'''a'''lle''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑ/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɑ̈]}}
| ''t'''a'''kke''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ar{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|<nowiki>#</nowiki>|Word boundary}}{{pipe}}}}
| ''v'''ar'''''
| style="text-align: left;" | Only in a handful of words.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=154}}
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|/ɑː/}}
| {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɑ̈ː]}}
| '''''ar'''ne''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}aː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| {{IPA|[ɛː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛː]}}
| ''m'''a'''le''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑː/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɑ̈ː]}}
| ''tr'''a'''ne''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}aːr{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| ''h'''ar'''''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}y{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/y/}}
| {{IPA|[y]}}
| {{IPA|[y]}}
| ''l'''y'''t''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}yː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/yː/}}
| {{IPA|[yː]}}
| {{IPA|[yː]}}
| ''k'''y'''le''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ø{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ø/}}
| {{IPA|[ø]}}
| {{IPA|[ø]}}
| ''k'''y'''s''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
| ≠ {{IPA|{{pipe}}v, j, ɡ{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|[œ̝~œ]}}
| {{IPA|[œ̝~œ]}}
| ''gr'''y'''nt''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[œ]}} in innovative varieties.
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}v{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|/œ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɶ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɶ̝]}}
| ''dr'''ø'''v''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{sfnp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991|p=87}}
|-
|
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}j, ɡ{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| {{IPA|[ʌ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒ̽]}}
| ''t'''ø'''j''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}øː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/øː/}}
| {{IPA|[øː]}}
| {{IPA|[øː]}}
| ''k'''ø'''le''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|[œ̝ː~œː]}}
| {{IPA|[œ̝ː~œː]}}
| ''r'''ø'''be''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[œː]}} in innovative varieties.
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}œ{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/œ/}}
| {{IPA|[œ̝]}}
| {{IPA|[œ̝]}}
| ''h'''ø'''ns''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|[œ]}}
| {{IPA|[œ]}}
| ''g'''ø'''r''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|[ɶ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɶ̝]}}
| ''gr'''ø'''n''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}œː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/œː/}}
| {{IPA|[œ̝ː]}}
| {{IPA|[œ̝ː]}}
| ''h'''ø'''ne''
| style="text-align: left;" | Rare.{{sfnp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991|p=108}}
|-
|
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|[œː]}}
| {{IPA|[œː]}}
| ''g'''ø'''re''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}u{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/u/}}
| {{IPA|[u]}}
| {{IPA|[u]}}
| ''g'''u'''ld''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|/u/}}
| {{IPA|[u~o]}}
| {{IPA|[u~o̝]}}
| ''br'''u'''sk''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[o]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=150}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}uː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{IPA|[uː]}}
| {{IPA|[uː]}}
| ''m'''u'''le''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}r{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|/uː/}} or {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{IPA|[uː~oː]}}
| {{IPA|[uː~o̝ː]}}
| ''r'''u'''se''
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPA|[oː]}} in innovative varieties.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=150}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}o{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|∅|Nothing}}, r{{pipe}}}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/o/}}
| {{IPA|[o]}}
| {{IPA|[o̝]}}
| ''s'''o'''rt'' ('black')
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|[ɔ̝]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔ̽]}}
| '''''o'''st'' ('cheese')
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}oː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{IPA|[oː]}}
| {{IPA|[o̝ː]}}
| ''m'''o'''le''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɔ{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| {{IPA|[ʌ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒ̽]}}
| ''m'''å'''tte''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɔr{{pipe}}}}
|
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}{{abbr|<nowiki>#</nowiki>|Word boundary}}{{pipe}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɒ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɒ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒ̝]}}
| ''v'''or'''''
| style="text-align: left;" | Only in a handful of words.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=154}}
|-
|
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɒː/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɒː]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɒ̝ː]}}
| ''m'''or'''se''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɔːr{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| ''t'''år'''ne''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɔː{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}}
| {{IPA|[ɔ̝ː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔ̽ː]}}
| ''m'''å'''le''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ə{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{IPA|[ə]}}
| {{IPA|[ə]}}
| ''hopp'''e'''''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ər{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɐ/}}
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɐ]}}
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɒ̽]}}
| ''fatt'''er'''''
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}rə{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| ''tu'''re'''''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | After long vowels.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=72, 81}}
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}rər{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| ''tu'''rer'''''
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}jə{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/jə/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| ''ve'''je'''''
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: left;" | See {{section link||Schwa-assimilation}}.
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɡə{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| ''ja'''ge'''''
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}və{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/və/}}
| {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
| ''ha'''ve'''''
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}əd{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/əð/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ð̩]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ð̩˕˗ˠ]}}
| ''mån'''ed'''''
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}də{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/ðə/}}
| ''ba'''de'''''
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}əl{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/əl/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[l̩]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[l̩]}}
| ''gamm'''el'''''
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}lə{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/lə/}}
| ''ta'''le'''''
|-
| {{IPA|{{pipe}}nə{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA|/nə/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[n̩]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[n̩]}}
| ''hå'''ne'''''
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|{{pipe}}ən{{pipe}}}}
|
|
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/ən/}}
| ''hest'''en'''''
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|[m̩]}}
| {{IPA|[m̩]}}
| ''hopp'''en'''''
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}}
| {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}}
| ''pakk'''en'''''
|}
The three way distinction in front rounded vowels {{IPA|/y ø œ/}} is upheld only before nasals, e.g. {{IPA|/syns sønˀs sœns/}} ''synes, synds, søns'' ('seems', 'sin's', 'son's').
{{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} on the one hand and {{IPA|/ɑ/}} and {{IPA|/ɑː/}} on the other are largely in complementary distribution. However, a two-phoneme interpretation can be justified with reference to the unexpected vowel quality in words like ''andre'' {{IPA|/ˈɑndrɐ/}} 'others' or ''anderledes'' {{IPA|/ˈɑnɐˌleːðəs/}} 'different', and an increasing number of loanwords.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=50–1}}
Some phonemes and phones that only occur in unstressed position often merge with full phonemes and phones:{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}}
* {{IPA|[ʊ]}} with {{IPA|[o]}}, leading to a variable merger of {{IPA|/və/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} (the former can be {{IPA|[wə]}} or {{IPA|[wʊ]}} instead, in which case no merger takes place).
* {{IPA|/ɐ/}} with {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. According to {{harvp|Basbøll|2005}}, these sounds are usually merged, the main difference being the greater variability in the realizations of {{IPA|/ɐ/}}, which only occurs in unstressed position. In the narrow phonetic transcriptions of {{harvp|Grønnum|2005}} and {{harvp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991}}, the two sounds are treated as identical.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=419|ps=; both sounds are transcribed as {{IPA|[ʌ˖˕˒]}}.}}{{sfnp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991|p=86|ps=, using ''ɔ'' in the [[Dania transcription]].}}
The vowel system is unstable, and according to a study by Ejstrup & Hansen (2004), the contemporary spoken language might be experiencing a merger of several of these vowels. The following vowel pairs may be merged by some speakers (only vowels not adjacent to |r| were analyzed):{{sfnp|Ejstrup|Hansen|2004}}
* {{IPA|[øː]}} with {{IPA|[œ̝ː]}} (11 out of 18 speakers)
* {{IPA|[ø]}} with {{IPA|[œ̝]}} (7 out of 18)
* {{IPA|[e̝ː]}} with {{IPA|[eː]}} (5 out of 18)
* {{IPA|[e̝]}} with {{IPA|[e]}} (5 out of 18)
* {{IPA|[o]}} with {{IPA|[ɔ̝]}} (4 out of 18)
* {{IPA|[eː]}} with {{IPA|[ɛː]}} (3 out of 18)
* {{IPA|[o:]}} with {{IPA|[ɔ̝:]}} (2 out of 18)
* {{IPA|[u:]}} with {{IPA|[o:]}} (1 out of 18)
{{clear}}


==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==
IlL
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