Roshterian/Proto-Roshterian: Difference between revisions

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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs have absolute and conjunct stems, much like in Old Irish. With a preverb or an incorporandum, the conjunct form is used.
The process of attaching preverbs such as prepositions to verbs was productive in Proto-Talmic, which then was repurposed for applicatives and for noun incorporation in Old Roshterian [unlike in Thensarian which took a path more akin to IE languages].
The process of attaching preverbs such as prepositions to verbs was productive in Proto-Talmic, which then was repurposed for applicatives and for noun incorporation in Old Roshterian [unlike in Thensarian which took a path more akin to IE languages].
The forms came from the following stress pattern:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ Verb stress patterns in Pre-Roshterian [immediately after stress shift]
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | preverb
! |
! style="width: 100px;" | first
!  style="width: 100px;" | ...
!  style="width: 100px;" | penult
!  style="width: 100px;" | final
|-
! Absolute
| ''-''
! |
| '''secondary''' || unstressed || '''primary''' || unstressed
|-
! Conjunct
| '''secondary'''
! |
| unstressed || unstressed|| '''primary''' || unstressed
|}
Handwave: This creates a succession of unstressed syllables in the conjunct form which gets smooshed together in Old Roshterian. Or maybe no syncope, but some sort of vowel harmonization
Examples:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''ṋoṱiəṋi'' "I rest" (independent) !! ''mī-ṋṱiəṋi'' "I do not rest" (dependent)
|-
| 1SG || ṋoṱiəṋi || mī-ṋṱiəṋi
|-
| 2SG || ṋoṱiəri || mī-ṋṱiəri
|-
| 3SG.M || ṋoṱiəmi || mī-ṋṱiəmi
|-
| 3SG.F || ṋoṱiəsi || mī-ṋṱiəsi
|-
| 3SG.N || ṋoṱiə || mī-ṋṱiə
|-
| 1EX || ṋoṱiəmē || mī-ṋṱiəmē
|-
| 1IN || ṋoṱiəṋṱi || mī-ṋṱiəṋṱi
|-
| 2PL || ṋoṱiəsṱi || mī-ṋṱiəsṱi
|-
| 3PL || ṋoṱiəbi || mī-ṋṱiəbi
|}
For verbs that already have a preverb, this works a little differently. For example, consider the verb ''hē-poldəṋi'' "I praise", an applicative verb formed with ''hē-'' 'about' + ''poldəṋi'' 'sing':
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''hē-poldəṋi'' "I praise" (independent) !! ''mīs-epoləṋi'' "I do not praise" (dependent)
|-
| 1SG || hē-poldəṋi || mīs-epoləṋi
|-
| 2SG || hē-poldəri || mīs-epoləri
|-
| 3SG.M || hē-poldəmi|| mīs-epoləmi
|-
| 3SG.F || hē-poldəsi || mīs-epoləsi
|-
| 3SG.N || hē-poldə || mīs-epolə
|-
| 1EX || hē-poldəmē || mīs-epoləmē
|-
| 1IN || hē-poldəṋṱi || mīs-epoləṋṱi
|-
| 2PL || hē-poldəsṱi || mīs-epoləsṱi
|-
| 3PL || hē-poldəbi || mīs-epoləbi
|}
In Modern Roshteriann these stems are cited as ''heepoḻyn, -epryn''.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===

Latest revision as of 19:55, 31 December 2021

Old Roshterian is the reconstructed intermediate stage between Proto-Talmic and Roshterian. It was spoken approximately at the same time Thensarian was spoken.

Some words

  • φlat-nəm "seed" > Old Roshterian *ḽatnə > laaṉ "child (offspring)"
  • tekts "child" > Old Roshterian *tejṱ, tejs- > ṯeit, ṯeis- "child (young human)"
  • bonditejṱiə, bondejṱiə, bnejṱiə "child-bearer, child-rearer, babysitter" > bleit, bleiti- "woman"
  • soliθe > OR höḽiṱe "5" > helit, lite-
  • kabnənts > OR kabrəṋs "woman" > (lost)
  • snuwem "round" > OR nǖ "fat" > ṉii "big"
  • mārom "tree" > OR miəro "tree" > miar
  • dēdī > dēdii "tears" > ḏeeḏ
  • gwaθwā > baṱu "throat" > batu
  • nā > ṋiə "I" > nia
  • som, sam > hum "he"
  • sausmam > haufa "moon" > hoof
  • sk, st > ść, st > OR sṱ, st > st, s̱ṯ
  • Final -s, -m, -r had been deleted in endings

Phonology

Vowels

a e i o u ə ö ü ā ē ī ō ū ȫ ǖ iə uə aj ej öj uj iw

ȫ > aa in later Roshterian; aa also emerges from CL

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Medial Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal *m *ṋ *n
Plosive voiceless *p *ṱ *t *k *q
voiced *b *ḓ *d *g
Fricative voiceless *s *σ *h
voiced *ζ *ʁ
Resonant *w *ḽ *l, *r *y

The "medial" consonants were retroflex, sje-like or bunched.

Stress

The initial stress in Proto-Talmic had shifted to penultimate by Pre-Roshterian. (becomes ultimate stress in Roshterian after final vowels are deleted)

Morphology

Nouns

Case? Maybe just absolute/construct

ḽatnə 'seed'
Construct Singular Plural
ḽatnai ḽatnə hēḽatnə

Nouns also have an incorporated form or an incorporandum, used when the noun is used in noun incorporation.

Verbs

The process of attaching preverbs such as prepositions to verbs was productive in Proto-Talmic, which then was repurposed for applicatives and for noun incorporation in Old Roshterian [unlike in Thensarian which took a path more akin to IE languages].

Pronouns

Singular Plural
1 *ṋiə *iəm
1 + 2 ???
2 *wēr ???
3 (masculine) *hum ???
3 (feminine) *hī
3 (inanimate) *he
4 (obviative) *pī
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