Proto-Hlou-Shum: Difference between revisions
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#*''*aj, a~ī > ai'' | #*''*aj, a~ī > ai'' | ||
#*''*a~o (*awV) *a~u > ao'' | #*''*a~o (*awV) *a~u > ao'' | ||
#*''* | #*''(*aw) > au'' | ||
#*''*e~C > eaC'' | #*''*e~C > eaC'' | ||
#*''*ej *ew *e~ī > ei'' | #*''*ej *ew *e~ī > ei'' | ||
#*''*e~u *e~ū > ju, jū'' | #*''*e~u *e~ū > ju, jū'' | ||
#*''*ēj | #*''*ēj *ē~ > ie'' | ||
#*''*i~C > ieC'' | #*''*i~C > ieC'' | ||
#*''*o~C > oaC'' | #*''*o~C > oaC'' | ||
| Line 172: | Line 171: | ||
#''*ʕ'' > ''*ħ'' | #''*ʕ'' > ''*ħ'' | ||
#''*w'' > ''*v'' | #''*w'' > ''*v'' | ||
#''*vv, *zz'' > ''*wv *z'' | #:''*vv, *zz'' > ''*wv *z'' | ||
#:''*bb *dd *gg'' > *mb *nd *ng''; also ''*ʡʡ *ħħ'' > ''*ʡ *ħ'', lengthening previous vowel | #:''*bb *dd *gg'' > *mb *nd *ng''; also ''*ʡʡ *ħħ'' > ''*ʡ *ħ'', lengthening previous vowel | ||
#C[+radical] > ''*a'' / _# | #C[+radical] > ''*a'' / _# | ||
Revision as of 13:43, 7 September 2014
Proto-Talsmic phonology
Consonant inventory
| Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
| Nasal | *m | *n | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *p | *t | *ƛ | *k | *q | *ʔ | ||
| voiced | *b | *d | *λ | *g | |||||
| aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *ƛʰ | *kʰ | *qʰ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *s | *ł | *h | |||||
| voiced | *z | *ḽ | *ʁ | ||||||
| Approximant | *w | *l | *j | ||||||
| Trill | *r | ||||||||
Vocalic inventory
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i *ī | *u *ū | |
| Mid | *e *ē | *o *ō | |
| Open | *a *ā |
Sound changes
- *ph *th *ƛh *kh *qh > resp. aspirates
- First spirantization:
- *qʰ > *χ
- *pʰ > *f
- Radicalization:
- *q > *ʡ
- *χ > *ħ
- Assimilation of dentals:
- *ts *tʰs > *ss
- *dz *tʰz > *zz > later *z
- *ƛs > *ƛʰ
- *ƛz > *λ
- Some cluster changes:
- *tk > *kt
- *tp *db *kp *gb > *tw *dw *kw *gw (should be earlier than PTal?)
- *kt *łt *kþ > *xt
- *pþ > *ps
- *ʡt > *ħt
- Second spirantization:
- *tʰ > *þ
- *kʰ > *x
- *ƛʰ > *ł
- ʔC > C[+long]
- Cʔ, Ch > Ce usually
- *mʔ *nʔ *lʔ *rʔ > also *mp *nt *lt *rt (especially in function morphemes)
- *mh *nh *lh *rh > also *nf *nþ *lþ *rþ
- Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsarian?):
- *ƛ > *ŧ /ts/
- *ł > *þ
- *λ > *l, *λλ > *ld
- *ḽ > *ð, *ḽḽ > *lð
- Rhotacization:
- *z > *r / _C[+voiced]
- *dl > *rl
- Epenthetic vowels are added:
- CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.
- *ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > *v /ʋˠ/ (a Themsarian-only sound change)
- *ʁ otherwise > *ʕ
- Loss of glottal stop:
- clitic *=ʔ becomes final downstep
- vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
- *a~ > ā
- *a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae
- *aj, a~ī > ai
- *a~o (*awV) *a~u > ao
- (*aw) > au
- *e~C > eaC
- *ej *ew *e~ī > ei
- *e~u *e~ū > ju, jū
- *ēj *ē~ > ie
- *i~C > ieC
- *o~C > oaC
- *o~i oj u~i uj > ȳ
- *o~ī > oi
- *ow > ū
- *u~C > uoC
- *u~ī > ui
- *ʕ > *ħ
- *w > *v
- *vv, *zz > *wv *z
- *bb *dd *gg > *mb *nd *ng; also *ʡʡ *ħħ > *ʡ *ħ, lengthening previous vowel
- C[+radical] > *a / _#
Classical Themsarian phonology
Consonant inventory
| Consonants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | n [ŋ] | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | q /ʡ/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | ch /x~ɣ/ | ħ /ħ~ʜ/ | h /h~ɦ/ | |
| voiced | ð /ð/ | z /z/ | q [ʕ~ʢ] | |||||
| Affricate | ŧ /t̪s̪~ts~tɕ~tʃ/ | |||||||
| Approximant | v /ʋˠ/ | j /j/ | ||||||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
| Lateral app. | l /l/ | |||||||
Vocalic inventory
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | y /ʉ̜/ | ȳ /ʉ̜ː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ |
| Mid | e /e̞/ | ē /e̞ː/ | o /o̞/ | ō /o̞ː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ | ||||