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The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.
The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.


Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Tailku). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Suliriyaq on the continent of Jekhatramit.
Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Sinty). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Tulirijyq on the continent of Jekkarramet.


===Inspirations===
===Inspirations===


Phonological inspirations were from Inuktitut and Finnish. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from Inuktitut and the Uralic languages.
The main phonological inspirations were from Finnish and Greenlandic with some input from Tolkien's conlang, Quenya. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from the Inuit and the Uralic languages.


<!-- Example categories/headings:  
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
Line 75: Line 75:
|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨n⟩|||/n/
|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨n⟩|||/n/
|-
|-
|⟨x⟩||⟨s⟩||/s/
|⟨x⟩||⟨h⟩||/h/
|-
|-
|⟨ɴ⟩ || ⟨r⟩|| /ɹ/
|⟨z⟩||⟨r⟩||/ɹ/
|-
|-
|⟨z⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|⟨w⟩ || ⟨s⟩|| /ɬ/
|-
|⟨ʍ⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|-
|-
|⟨n⟩||⟨k⟩||/k/
|⟨n⟩||⟨k⟩||/k/
Line 87: Line 89:
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|-
|-
|⟨h⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|⟨ʎ⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|-
|⟨y⟩||⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|-
|⟨h⟩||⟨y⟩||/ə/
|-
|-
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨ai⟩||/aɪ/
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨a⟩||/ä/
|-
|-
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|-
|-
|⟨q⟩||⟨au⟩||/ɑʊ/
|⟨q⟩||⟨o⟩||/ɔ/
|-
|⟨ȷ⟩||⟨a⟩||⟨ä⟩
|}
|}


Line 120: Line 124:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal||Glottal
|-
|-
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/||
|-
|-
|Fricative||  || /s/|||||
|Fricative||  || ||/ɬ/||||/h/
|-
|-
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/ 
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/||
|-
|-
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||||
|-
|-
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ 
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ ||
|}
|}


Line 137: Line 141:
1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.
1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.


2. Jakvalat has 11 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are an initial velar nasal and the presence of a dental fricative.
2. Jakvalat has 12 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are the presence of an initial velar nasal and a lateral obstruent.


====Vowels====
====Vowels====
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| || Front||Central|| Back
| || Front||Central|| Back
|-
|-
| High || /i/|| ||/u/
| High || /i/||/ə/ ||/u/
|-
|-
| Low|| || /ä/||
| Low||/ɛ/ || /a/||/ɔ/
|-
|Diphthong||/aɪ/||||/ɑʊ/
|}
|}


Jakvalat has 3 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 3.75 which is an average ratio.
Note:
 
For the purposes of vowel harmony, /ə/ counts as a high vowel and /ɛ, ɔ/ count as low vowels.
 
Jakvalat has 6 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 2.0 which, according to WALS, is a moderately low ratio.


===Allophony===
===Allophony===
Line 160: Line 166:
1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.
1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.


2. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.
2. /ɬ/ is realised as [θ̠] when in coda position.
 
3. /h/ is realised as [x] when in coda position.
 
4. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.
 
5. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʒ] when in coda position elsewhere.


3. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.
6. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.


4. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.
7. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.


5. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk, ss/ are realised as [f, θ̠, x, tɬ].
8. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [f, s, x].


6. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].
9. The geminate clusters /ɬɬ, hh/ are realised as [tɬ, kx].


7. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd̠].
10. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].


8. The consonant clusters /ɹ̠s, ɹ̠l, ɹ̠ʋ, ɹ̠j/ are realised as [ʃ, ʒl, ʒw, ʒ].
11. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].


9. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.
12. The geminate consonant clusters /ʋʋ, jj/ are realised as [bw, ɡj].


10. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.
13. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.


11. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.
14. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.


12. /aɪ, ɑʊ/ are realised as [ɛ, ɔ] in closed syllables.
15. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
1. Syllable template: C(C)V(C)(C).
1. Syllable template:


2. Permitted syllable codas:
C(C)V(C)


/p, t, k, s, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ/.
Notes:


3. /s, l, ɹ/ do not occur morpheme-finally.
C = consonant, V = vowel


4. Permitted Consonant Clusters:
2. Permitted syllable codas: all consonants
 
3. /ɬ, h, l, ɹ, ʋ, j/ do not occur morpheme-finally.
 
4. If a particle has a word-final consonant then that consonant will be one of /m, n, ŋ/.
 
5. Permitted Consonant Clusters:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||P||T||K ||S||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|  ||P||T||K ||S||H||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|-
|P||pp||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||pv*||pj*
|-
| T || - || tt || -||-||-||-||-||-||-|| -||tv*|| tj*
|-
|-
|P||pp||pt||pk||ps||-||-||-||-||-||pv*||pj*
| K || - || -|| kk|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| -||kv*|| kj*
|-
|-
| T || tp || tt || tk ||ts ||-||-||-||-|| -||tv*|| tj*
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| sv|| sj
|-
|-
| K || kp || kt || kk|| ks ||- ||-||-||-|| -||kv*|| kj*
|H||hp||ht||hk||-||hh||-||-||-||-||-||hv||hj
|-
|-
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| -||-||-||-|| sv*|| sj*
| M || mp|| -|| -|| -||-||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv||-
|-
|-
| M || mp†|| -|| -|| -||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv*||-
| N|| - || nt|| -|| ns||nh|| -||nn|| -||-|| -||-||-
|-
|-
| N|| - || nt†|| -|| ns|| -||nn|| -||-|| -||-||-
|Q||-||-||qk||-||-||-||-||qq||-||-||-||qj
|-
|-
|Q||-||-||qk†||-||-||-||qq||-||-||-||qj*
|L||lp||lt||lk||-||-||-||-||-||ll||-||lv||lj
|-
|-
|L||lp†||lt†||lk†||ls||-||-||-||ll||-||lv*||lj*
|R||rp||rt||rk||-||-||-||-||-||-||rr||rv||rj
|-
|-
|R||rp†||rt†||rk†||rs||-||-||-||-||rr||rv*||rj*
|V||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||vv||-
|-
|J||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||jj
|}
|}


Line 224: Line 248:
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.


d. An asterisk indicates a consonant cluster may occur in the syllable onset.
d. An asterisk indicates a consonant cluster may occur root-initially or suffix-initially.


e  A dagger indicates a consonant cluster may occur in the syllable coda.
e. All other consonant clusters may only occur across a syllable boundary  
 
f. All other consonant clusters may only occur across a syllable boundary  


6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.
6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.
Line 234: Line 256:
7. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.
7. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.


8. /aɪ/ does not precede onset /j/.
8. Diphthongs do not occur.


9. /ɑʊ/ does not precede onset /ʋ/.
10. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.


10. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.
11. Roots may have one of the following phonotactic shapes:
 
a. Pronominal And Numeral Roots Only:
 
CV
 
CCV
 
CVC
 
CCVC
 
CVCV
 
b. Some Numeral Roots And All Nominal And Verbal Roots:
 
CCVCV
 
CVCCV
 
CVCVC
 
13. Particles may have one the following phonotactic shapes:
 
CV
 
CVC
 
CVCV
 
CVCCV
 
CVCVC
 
14. Suffixes may have one of following phonotactic shapes:
 
-CV
 
-CCV
 
-CVC
 
-CCVC


12. Roots have the phonotactic shape C(C)V(C)(C).
-CCVCV


13. Particles have the phonotactic shape CV(C)[V(C)].
-CVCCV


14. Suffixes have the phonotactic shape -CV(C)[V(C)].
-CVCVC


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Line 261: Line 325:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||  P||T ||  K||S||M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|  ||  P||T ||  K||S||H||M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|-
|-
|P||pp||pt||pk||ps||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||pv||pj
|P||pp||tt||kk||sp||hp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||pv||pj
|-
|-
|T||tp||tt||tk||ts||nt||nt||nt||lt||rt||tv||tj
|T||pp||tt||kk||st||ht||nt||nt||nt||lt||rt||tv||tj
|-
|-
|K||kp||kt||kk||ks||qk||qk||qk||lk||rk||kv||kj
|K||pp||tt||kk||sk||hk||qk||qk||qk||lk||rk||kv||kj
|-
|-
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||mm||nn||qq|| ll|| rr|| mv||qj
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq|| ll|| rr|| mv||qj
|-
|-
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||mm|| nn|| qq|| ll|| rr||mv||qj
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm|| nn|| qq|| ll|| rr||mv||qj
|-
|-
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||mm||nn||qq||ll||rr||mv||qj
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq||ll||rr||mv||qj
|}
|}


Line 284: Line 348:
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.


d. The notation v̄ indicates the preceding short vowel was lengthened.
2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then an epenthetic echo vowel is inserted after the first segment in the cluster.
 
===Vowel Harmony===
 
1. Vowels are divided into two harmonic classes for the purposes of vowel harmony:
 
a. High Vowels: /i, ə, u/.
 
b. Low Vowels: /ɛ, a, ɔ/.


2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then an epenthetic echo vowel ([i] after /aɪ/, [u] after /ɑʊ/) is inserted after the first segment and the two remaining consonants are treated as per the table above.
2. All vowels in a root or particles must belong to the same harmonic class.


3. If /aɪ/ should precede a /j/ onset as the result of suffixation, then it is reduced to [ä].
3. All suffixes have two allomorphs,one containing high vowels, the other containing the corresponding low vowels.


4. If /ɑʊ/ should precede a /ʋ/ onset as the result of suffixation, then it is reduced to [ä].
4. The vowels in a suffix must belong to the same harmonic class as the vowels in the preceding morpheme.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Rebecca Ashling
7,915

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