Czecklish conjugation: Difference between revisions

no edit summary
No edit summary
 
(9 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 6: Line 6:
|-
|-
! style="" | Ablative
! style="" | Ablative
| bon-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Allative
! style="" | Allative
| ben-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Delative
! style="" | Delative
| bin-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Illative
! style="" | Illative
| bín-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Instrumental
! style="" | Instrumental
| vaik-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Juxtapositive
! style="" | Juxtapositive
| vek-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Locative
! style="" | Locative
| vak-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Perlative
! style="" | Perlative
| ban-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Orientative
! style="" | Orientative
| sol-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Revertive
! style="" | Revertive
| sul-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Sublative
! style="" | Sublative
| tív-
|  
|-
|-
! style="" | Temporal
! style="" | Temporal
| jil-
|  
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 54: Line 54:
|-
|-
! style="" |First
! style="" |First
| a-
|  
| -u
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Second
! style="" |Second
| a-
|  
| -i
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Third
! style="" |Third
| o-
|  
| -u
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Fourth
! style="" |Fourth
| u-
|  
| -e
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Fifth
! style="" |Fifth
| i-
|  
| -o
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Sixth
! style="" |Sixth
| e-
|  
| -i
|  
|-
|-
|}<br />
|}<br />
Line 88: Line 88:
|-
|-
! style="" |First
! style="" |First
| a-
|  
| -u
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Second
! style="" |Second
| a-
|  
| -i
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Third
! style="" |Third
| o-
|  
| -u
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Fourth
! style="" |Fourth
| u-
|
| -e
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Fifth
! style="" |Fifth
| i-
|  
| -o
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Sixth
! style="" |Sixth
| e-
|  
| -i
|  
|-
|-
|}<br />
|}<br />
Line 121: Line 121:
|-
|-
! style="" |Infinitive
! style="" |Infinitive
| -n
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Gerund
! style="" |Gerund
| -ne
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Gerundive
! style="" |Gerundive
| -na
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Supine
! style="" |Supine
| -no
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Participle
! style="" |Participle
| -num
|  
|-
|-
|}<br />
|}<br />
Line 330: Line 330:
! style="width: 40px; " |Suffix
! style="width: 40px; " |Suffix
|-
|-
! style="" |
! style="" | Avalent
|
|-
! style="" | Monovalent
| -∅
|-
! style="" | Divalent
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |
! style="" | Trivalent
|
|-
! style="" |
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 370: Line 373:
! style="width: 40px; " |Suffix
! style="width: 40px; " |Suffix
|-
|-
! style="" |
! style="" | Volitional
|
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |
! style="" | Ambivolitional
|  
| -∅
|-
|-
! style="" |
! style="" | Nonvolitional
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 400: Line 403:
==Mirativity==
==Mirativity==
Czecklish morphologically marks Mirativity. Mirativity is a grammatical category independent of Evidentiality, which indicates the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind. Evidentiality is used separately to indicate the speaker’s evidence for a given statement. There are three degrees of Mirativity, as with Volition: a positive degree, a neutral degree, and a negative degree.<br />
Czecklish morphologically marks Mirativity. Mirativity is a grammatical category independent of Evidentiality, which indicates the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind. Evidentiality is used separately to indicate the speaker’s evidence for a given statement. There are three degrees of Mirativity, as with Volition: a positive degree, a neutral degree, and a negative degree.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 150px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 40px; "|
! style="width: 40px; " |Suffix
|-
! style="" | Mirative
|
|-
! style="" | Ambimirative
| -∅
|-
! style="" | Nonmirative
|
|-
|}<br />


'''Mirative'''<br />
'''Mirative'''<br />
Line 417: Line 434:
Expresses that an action was expected by the subject. The Nonmirative is used to indicate indifference or preparedness of the speaker.
Expresses that an action was expected by the subject. The Nonmirative is used to indicate indifference or preparedness of the speaker.
*E.g. She brought flowers (expectedly)<br />
*E.g. She brought flowers (expectedly)<br />


==Evidentiality==
==Evidentiality==
In Czecklish, Evidentiality is the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and/or what kind of evidence exists. An evidential is the particular grammatical element (affix, clitic, or particle) that indicates evidentiality. Czecklish uses suffixes to indicate both Direct and Indirect Evidentiality. Indirect Evidentiality can be divided into four separate degrees of Evidentiality: First Reportative, Second Reportative, Inferential, and Assumed. The unmarked Evidential is the Direct Evidential, as most evidence is likely to have been witnessed firsthand.<br />
In Czecklish, Evidentiality is the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and/or what kind of evidence exists. An evidential is the particular grammatical element (affix, clitic, or particle) that indicates evidentiality. Czecklish uses suffixes to indicate both Direct and Indirect Evidentiality. Indirect Evidentiality can be divided into four separate degrees of Evidentiality: First Reportative, Second Reportative, Inferential, and Assumed. The unmarked Evidential is the Direct Evidential, as most evidence is likely to have been witnessed firsthand.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 40px; "|
! style="width: 40px; " |Suffix
|-
! style="" | Direct
| -∅
|-
! style="" | Indirect
|
|-
! style="" | First Reportative
|
|-
! style="" | Second Reportative
|
|-
! styele="" | Inferential
|
|-
! style="" | Assumptive
|
|-
|}<br />


'''Direct Evidentiality'''<br />
'''Direct Evidentiality'''<br />
Line 456: Line 495:
Expresses that the action is assumed to occur by the speaker. The knowledge is assumed to have occurred, because it usually does under similar circumstances. There is a certain degree of confidence when the Assumptive is used. The Assumptive is equivalent to the English modal verb “must” in regards to usage.
Expresses that the action is assumed to occur by the speaker. The knowledge is assumed to have occurred, because it usually does under similar circumstances. There is a certain degree of confidence when the Assumptive is used. The Assumptive is equivalent to the English modal verb “must” in regards to usage.
*E.g. She must have bought flowers<br />
*E.g. She must have bought flowers<br />


==Comparison==
==Comparison==
Czecklish only has one degree of comparison, and as such does not make a distinction between -er and -est. In other words, the superlative form of a noun is indistinguishable from the comparative form in both meaning and affixation.<br />
Czecklish only has one degree of comparison, and as such does not make a distinction between -er and -est. In other words, the superlative form of a noun is indistinguishable from the comparative form in both meaning and affixation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 150px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 40px; "|
! style="width: 40px; " |Suffix
|-
! style="" | Positive
| -∅
|-
! style="" | Comparative
|
|-
|}<br />


'''Positive'''<br />
'''Positive'''<br />
171

edits