455
edits
Aleisi Galan (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Aleisi Galan (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
(15 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
|fam4 = [[w:Old-Zemljask|Old-Zemljask]] | |fam4 = [[w:Old-Zemljask|Old-Zemljask]] | ||
|ancestor = Old Zemljask | |ancestor = Old Zemljask | ||
|dia1 = Maribor (''Marborgask'') | |dia1 = Maribor (''Marborgask'') | ||
|dia2 = Sereian/Northern (''Serejask'') | |dia2 = Sereian/Northern (''Serejask'') | ||
Line 18: | Line 17: | ||
|dia4 = Zagreb (''Jezemljask'') | |dia4 = Zagreb (''Jezemljask'') | ||
|dia5 = Central (''Medzask'') | |dia5 = Central (''Medzask'') | ||
|dia6 = Triestino/Southern ('' | |dia6 = Triestino/Southern (''Tragešćask'') | ||
|dia7 = Dalmatian ('' | |dia7 = Dalmatian (''Dalmacask'') | ||
|speakers = 4 575 376<ref>Večeslava - Novi Zemljask V 2012</ref> | |||
|date = 2012 census | |||
|stand1 = Standard Zemljask | |stand1 = Standard Zemljask | ||
|script1 = Latn | |script1 = Latn | ||
Line 26: | Line 27: | ||
|map = Zemljask_Locator.png | |map = Zemljask_Locator.png | ||
|mapsize = 280px | |mapsize = 280px | ||
|mapcaption = Borders of the Zemljask language | |mapcaption = Borders of the Zemljask language (''Mladźe Zemljska Reći) | ||
(''Mladźe Zemljska Reći) | |creator = Aleisi Galan | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Zemljask''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''reć zemljska''; <small>Zemljask: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Zemljask|[ret͡ɕ zémʎska]]]</span>) is an isolate Slavic language with strong influence from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], [[w:Italian_Language|Italian]], and most of all Illyrian, the Latin-derived language to the south which historically controlled Zemlia until the [[w:Illyrian_Civil_War|Illyrian Civil War]] of 1978-1982. After this war, Zemlia became an independent country, with Zemljask as its sole official language, while Illyrian was relegated to regional minority status soon after the conclusion of the conflict. | |||
While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Proto-Slavic_language|Proto-Slavic]], Latin influence is most notable in its grammar, as well as the colloquial speech of the southern regions. | |||
==Etymology== | |||
In [[w:English_Language|English]], the name of the language, Zemlian (officially Zemljask) derives directly from the name of the country - Zemlia. This name, in turn, derives from Zemljask "Zemlja", meaning land. This is a shortening of the traditional, now patriotic, Naša Zemlja (lit. our land) which, over time, became simply Zemlia. The name for the language is a derivative of this, being composed of the roots [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zem%C4%BEa|zemľa]]+[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-%D1%8Csk%D1%8A|-ьskъ]]<ref>Večeslava - Novi Zemljask V 2012</ref>, forming Zemľьskъ, which evolved into the modern Zemljask. | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Consonant phonemes | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | |||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]] | |||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | |||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ȵ]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])<sup>1</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]<sup>2</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]]<sup>2</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<sup>2</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceled alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate|t͡ɕ]]<sup>3</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceled_alveolo-palatal_affricate|d͡ʑ]]<sup>3</sup> | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]<sup>4</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<sup>5</sup> | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ɕ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʑ]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Velar_fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]<sup>5</sup> | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant|ȴ]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
# [ŋ] is an allophone of [n] when it occurs next to a Velar consonant (one of [k], [g], [x]). | |||
# The consonants /p/, /t/, /k/ are usually aspirated [p<sup>h</sup>], [t<sup>h</sup>], [k<sup>h</sup>]. | |||
# The pronunciation of the palatal consonants /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ varies by region. The Northern pronunciation is [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ], matching the Standard language as set out by the ''Rozjana Zemljska Reći'' while in the Central to Intermediate Southern regions, the typical pronunciation is [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], and in the ''Dalmacask'' and ''Tragešćask'' dialects it typically is [t͡s], [d͡s]. The Southern feature is shared with some dialects of Polish. | |||
# [f] is a very rare sound in Zemljask and appears primarily in words loaned from other languages. Some speakers in informal settings may merge this sound with [v]. | |||
# The sounds [v] and [l], in coda position, lenite to the approximant [ʋ]. | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
! Front | |||
! Central | |||
! Back | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Closed]] | |||
| [[w:IPA link|i]] | |||
| [[w:IPA link|ɪ]] | |||
| [[w:IPA link|u]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
| [[w:IPA link|e]] | |||
| [[w:Mid_central_vowel|ər]]<sup>1</sup> | |||
| [[w:IPA link|o]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:IPA_link|Mid-Open]] | |||
| [[w:IPA link|ɛ]]<sup>2</sup> | |||
| [[w:IPA_Link|-]] | |||
| [[w:IPA link|ɔ]]<sup>2</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Open_front_unrounded_vowel|a]] | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
# The syllabic consonant [r̩] is typically (and officially permitted to be) pronounced as [ər]. | |||
# the vowels [ɛ] and [ɔ] are both phonetic and phonemic, being vowels in their own right (written variously as <è>, <ai>, <ò>, and <au>) as well as allophones of [e] and [o] when preceeded by a Soft-Consonant. | |||
===Prosody=== | |||
Stress in Zemljask, in theory, is unpredictable, however it most often is placed moderately heavily on the initial syllable. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: left; border-collapse:collapse;" | |||
! colspan="30" | Zemljask Prosody | |||
|- | |||
| Alovac || [ˈalovat͡s] || Here, the stress is placed on the initial syllable. | |||
|- | |||
| Alovca || [alˈoʋt͡sa] || However, stress often moves in certain inflections. In this case, the loss of a vowel pushes it forwards, like in most roots with mobile vowels. | |||
|- | |||
| Fanèla || [fa.ˈnɛ.la] || In most Illyrian loans, and a few native Zemljask words, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable. | |||
|- | |||
| Gavati || [ga.ˈva.ti] || For verbs, the stress on the infinitive is penultimate. | |||
|- | |||
| Gavaš || [ˈga.vaʃ] || While the primary stress when conjugated falls upon the root-final syllable. | |||
|- | |||
| Kytiti || [ˈkɪ.ti.ti] || However, -iti verbs have permanent root-final stress. | |||
|- | |||
| Gavljenje || [gaʋ.ˈʎɛ.ɲɛ] || When an ending is composed of multiple syllables, the verb once again gains penultimate stress. | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Morphophonology== | |||
There exists in Zemljask a rich morphophonology of numerous variations in stems that take place under a variety of conditions: | |||
===Consonant Alternation=== | |||
# Consonants are split into hard and soft, based on their phonetic value and may alternate between these forms under certain conditions (typically Hard to Soft): | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;" | |||
! colspan="25" | Hard and Soft Consonants | |||
|- | |||
| Hard || m || n || p || b || t || d || k || g || - || - ||f || v || s || z || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || h || l || - | |||
|- | |||
| Soft || mlj || nj || plj || blj || ć || dź || č || dž || c || dz || flj || vlj || š || ž || š || ž || č || dž || ć || dź || š || rj/š || lj || j | |||
|} | |||
===Mobile Vowels=== | |||
The other primary mode of alternation is the ''mobile "A"'', which may appear or disappear in certain cases or inflections. | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} |
edits