Linguifex

Zemljask: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Aleisi Galan (talk | contribs)
455 edits
No edit summary
Aleisi Galan (talk | contribs)
455 edits
No edit summary
 
(10 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 12: Line 12:
|fam4              = [[w:Old-Zemljask|Old-Zemljask]]
|fam4              = [[w:Old-Zemljask|Old-Zemljask]]
|ancestor          = Old Zemljask
|ancestor          = Old Zemljask
|creator          = Aleisi Galan
|dia1              = Maribor (''Marborgask'')
|dia1              = Maribor (''Marborgask'')
|dia2              = Sereian/Northern (''Serejask'')
|dia2              = Sereian/Northern (''Serejask'')
Line 20: Line 19:
|dia6              = Triestino/Southern (''Tragešćask'')
|dia6              = Triestino/Southern (''Tragešćask'')
|dia7              = Dalmatian (''Dalmacask'')
|dia7              = Dalmatian (''Dalmacask'')
|speakers          = 4 575 376<ref>Večeslava - Novi Zemljask V 2012</ref>
|date              = 2012 census
|stand1            = Standard Zemljask
|stand1            = Standard Zemljask
|script1          = Latn
|script1          = Latn
Line 27: Line 28:
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapcaption        = Borders of the Zemljask language (''Mladźe Zemljska Reći)
|mapcaption        = Borders of the Zemljask language (''Mladźe Zemljska Reći)
|creator          = Aleisi Galan
|notice            = IPA
|notice            = IPA
}}
}}
Line 35: Line 37:


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
In [[w:English_Language|English]], the name of the language, Zemlian (officially Zemljask) derives directly from the name of the country - Zemlia. This name, in turn, derives from Zemljask "Zemlja", meaning land. This is a shortening of the traditional, now patriotic, Naša Zemlja (lit. our land) which, over time, became simply Zemlia. The name for the language is a derivative of this, being composed of the roots [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zem%C4%BEa|zemľa]]+[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-%D1%8Csk%D1%8A|-ьskъ]], forming Zemľьskъ, which evolved into the modern Zemljask.
In [[w:English_Language|English]], the name of the language, Zemlian (officially Zemljask) derives directly from the name of the country - Zemlia. This name, in turn, derives from Zemljask "Zemlja", meaning land. This is a shortening of the traditional, now patriotic, Naša Zemlja (lit. our land) which, over time, became simply Zemlia. The name for the language is a derivative of this, being composed of the roots [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zem%C4%BEa|zemľa]]+[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-%D1%8Csk%D1%8A|-ьskъ]]<ref>Večeslava - Novi Zemljask V 2012</ref>, forming Zemľьskъ, which evolved into the modern Zemljask.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 54: Line 56:
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ȵ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ȵ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]<sup>2</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]]<sup>2</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<sup>2</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
Line 67: Line 69:
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceled alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceled alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate|t͡ɕ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceled_alveolo-palatal_affricate|d͡ʑ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate|t͡ɕ]]<sup>3</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceled_alveolo-palatal_affricate|d͡ʑ]]<sup>3</sup>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]<sup>4</sup> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<sup>5</sup>
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ɕ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʑ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Velar_fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Velar_fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
Line 86: Line 88:
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]<sup>5</sup>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant|ȴ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant|ȴ]]
Line 98: Line 100:
|-
|-
|}
|}
Notes:
# [ŋ] is an allophone of [n] when it occurs next to a Velar consonant (one of [k], [g], [x]).
# The consonants /p/, /t/, /k/ are usually aspirated [p<sup>h</sup>], [t<sup>h</sup>], [k<sup>h</sup>].
# The pronunciation of the palatal consonants /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ varies by region. The Northern pronunciation is [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ], matching the Standard language as set out by the ''Rozjana Zemljska Reći'' while in the Central to Intermediate Southern regions, the typical pronunciation is [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], and in the ''Dalmacask'' and ''Tragešćask'' dialects it typically is [t͡s], [d͡s]. The Southern feature is shared with some dialects of Polish.
# [f] is a very rare sound in Zemljask and appears primarily in words loaned from other languages. Some speakers in informal settings may merge this sound with [v].
# The sounds [v] and [l], in coda position, lenite to the approximant [ʋ].


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 107: Line 117:
! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
! [[w:Mid vowel|Closed]]
| [[w:IPA link|i]]
| [[w:IPA link|i]]
| [[w:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]]
| [[w:IPA link|ɪ]]
| [[w:IPA link|u]]
| [[w:IPA link|u]]
|-  
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:IPA link|e]]
| [[w:IPA link|e]]
| [[w:Mid_central_vowel|(ə)r̩]]
| [[w:Mid_central_vowel|ər]]<sup>1</sup>
| [[w:IPA link|o]]
| [[w:IPA link|o]]
|-
! [[w:IPA_link|Mid-Open]]
| [[w:IPA link|ɛ]]<sup>2</sup>
| [[w:IPA_Link|-]]
| [[w:IPA link|ɔ]]<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|  
|
| [[w:Open_front_unrounded_vowel|a]]
| [[w:Open_front_unrounded_vowel|a]]
|  
|  
|}
|}
Notes:
# The syllabic consonant [r̩] is typically (and officially permitted to be) pronounced as [ər].
# the vowels [ɛ] and [ɔ] are both phonetic and phonemic, being vowels in their own right (written variously as <è>, <ai>, <ò>, and <au>) as well as allophones of [e] and [o] when preceeded by a Soft-Consonant.
===Prosody===
Stress in Zemljask, in theory, is unpredictable, however it most often is placed moderately heavily on the initial syllable.
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: left; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="30" | Zemljask Prosody
|-
| Alovac || [ˈalovat͡s] || Here, the stress is placed on the initial syllable.
|-
| Alovca || [alˈoʋt͡sa] || However, stress often moves in certain inflections. In this case, the loss of a vowel pushes it forwards, like in most roots with mobile vowels.
|-
| Fanèla || [fa.ˈnɛ.la] || In most Illyrian loans, and a few native Zemljask words, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable.
|-
| Gavati || [ga.ˈva.ti] || For verbs, the stress on the infinitive is penultimate.
|-
| Gavaš || [ˈga.vaʃ] || While the primary stress when conjugated falls upon the root-final syllable.
|-
| Kytiti || [ˈkɪ.ti.ti] || However, -iti verbs have permanent root-final stress.
|-
| Gavljenje || [gaʋ.ˈʎɛ.ɲɛ] || When an ending is composed of multiple syllables, the verb once again gains penultimate stress.
|-
|}
==Morphophonology==
There exists in Zemljask a rich morphophonology of numerous variations in stems that take place under a variety of conditions:
===Consonant Alternation===
# Consonants are split into hard and soft, based on their phonetic value and may alternate between these forms under certain conditions (typically Hard to Soft):
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="25" | Hard and Soft Consonants
|-
| Hard || m || n || p || b || t || d || k || g || - || - ||f || v || s || z || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || h || l || -
|-
| Soft || mlj || nj || plj || blj || ć || dź || č || dž || c || dz || flj || vlj || š || ž || š || ž || č || dž || ć || dź || š || rj/š || lj || j
|}
===Mobile Vowels===
The other primary mode of alternation is the ''mobile "A"'', which may appear or disappear in certain cases or inflections.
==References==
{{reflist}}
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Zemljask"