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Proto-Riphic: Difference between revisions
→Morphology
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Stop phonation shifts initially result in a Xhosa-like outcome: voiceless -> voiceless aspirated and voiced -> voiced breathy while glottalized consonants are ejective (as in early PIE) with implosive allophones after unstressed vowels. Riphean is notable for having Grassmann's law apply to voiceless stops, so a PIE root like *tep- turns into /tepʰ-/, later reinterpreted as /t'epʰ-/. Riphean is a satem language, which means the labiovelars delabialized, and the palatovelars turned into alveolar affricates /tsʰ ts' dz/. | Stop phonation shifts initially result in a Xhosa-like outcome: voiceless -> voiceless aspirated and voiced -> voiced breathy while glottalized consonants are ejective (as in early PIE) with implosive allophones after unstressed vowels. Riphean is notable for having Grassmann's law apply to voiceless stops, so a PIE root like *tep- turns into /tepʰ-/, later reinterpreted as /t'epʰ-/. Riphean is a satem language, which means the labiovelars delabialized, and the palatovelars turned into alveolar affricates /tsʰ ts' dz/. | ||
The "voiced" consonants of Proto-Riphic are actually half-voiced with the following vowel realized breathy. The development is somewhat parallel to the development of voiced PIE stops in Italic, Greek and Indo-Iranian. In South Riphic, including Mixolydian, these stayed distinct from the glottalized series, whereas North Riphic merged them and transferred the contrast to tone on the following vowel. | The "voiced" consonants of Proto-Riphic are actually half-voiced with the following vowel realized breathy. The development is somewhat parallel to the development of voiced PIE stops in Italic, Greek and Indo-Iranian. In South Riphic, including Mixolydian, these stayed distinct from the glottalized series, whereas North Riphic merged them and transferred the contrast to tone on the following vowel. This is believed to be the result of Uralic phonological influence. | ||
Subsequently both Riphic branches underwent Grimm's law, where aspirated stops /ph th tsh kh/ turned into spirants /f θ s x/, with the reflex of /tsh/ merging with that of PIE *s. This occurred after the RUKI rule, which turned PIE *s after r, u, dorsals and i into <š>. | Subsequently both Riphic branches underwent Grimm's law, where aspirated stops /ph th tsh kh/ turned into spirants /f θ s x/, with the reflex of /tsh/ merging with that of PIE *s. This occurred after the RUKI rule, which turned PIE *s after r, u, dorsals and i into <š>. | ||
==Morphology== | |||
To include dual | |||
Proto-Riphic is morphologically similar to contemporaneous IE languages including Latin, Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic. | |||
*wilhas "wolf" | |||
nom: wilhas, wilhai | |||
acc: wilhan, wilhās | |||
gen: wilhā, wilhān | |||
dat: wilhāi, wilhamas | |||
instr/abl: wilhāþ, wilhamis | |||
loc: wilhai, wilhaišu | |||
voc: wilhe!, wilhai! | |||
*bardē "beard" | |||
nom: bardē, bardēs | |||
acc: bardēn, bardejās | |||
gen: bardēs, bardejān | |||
dat: bardēi/bardējai, bardēmas | |||
instr/abl: bardēþ, bardēmis | |||
loc: bardēi, bardēišu | |||
voc: bardē!, bardēs! | |||
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[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||