Chelsian: Difference between revisions
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The present stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending (''-(i)āre, -ēre, -ere,'' or ''-īre'') from the second principal part. | The present stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending (''-(i)āre, -ēre, -ere,'' or ''-īre'') from the second principal part. | ||
Many verbs in the | Many verbs in the second to fourth conjugations have a secondary present stem distinct from the primary present stem. This is obtained by removing ''-(i)ō'' from the first principal part and maintaining its hardness/softness. | ||
In the 2nd and 4th declensions, the stem-final consonant is always soft, which is indicated with an ''-i-'' before back vowels (which is dropped if the stem ends in ''-j-''). In the 1st and 3rd declensions, the stem-final consonant may be hard or soft. | In the 2nd and 4th declensions, the stem-final consonant is always soft, which is indicated with an ''-i-'' before back vowels (which is dropped if the stem ends in ''-j-''). In the 1st and 3rd declensions, the stem-final consonant may be hard or soft. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
| ''-(i)ō'' || ''-iō'' || ''-[i]ō''¹ || ''-iō''¹ || ''-ę'' || colspan="3"| ''-(i)ą''¹ || ''-(i)āvą'' || colspan="3"| ''-ēvą''¹ || ''-(i)ārę'' || ''-ērę''|| ''-erę'' || ''-īrę'' | | ''-(i)ō'' || ''-iō''¹ || ''-[i]ō''¹ || ''-iō''¹ || ''-ę'' || colspan="3"| ''-(i)ą''¹ || ''-(i)āvą'' || colspan="3"| ''-ēvą''¹ || ''-(i)ārę'' || ''-ērę''|| ''-erę'' || ''-īrę'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2S | ! 2S | ||
Revision as of 18:50, 10 July 2022
Chelsian (Native: čelsa linga /ˈtɕɛɫsa ˈlʲɪŋɡɐ/, čelsōrų linga /tɕɛɫˈsoːruː ˈlʲɪŋɡɐ/) is a highly conservative Romance language with Baltic influence.
| Chelsian | |
|---|---|
| čelsōrų linga | |
| Pronunciation | [tɕɛɫˈsoːruː ˈlʲɪŋɡɐ] |
| Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Classical Latin
|
Introduction
Etymology
From Latin celsus.
Features
Phonological
- Preserves original vowel length and quality.
- Preserved long nasal vowels into its recent history, then merged them with plain long vowels (but they are kept distinct in writing).
- Original velars became alveolar/dental fricatives/affricates before /i/ and postalveolar fricatives/affricates before /e/.
- This is because palatalization before /i/ and before /e/ occurred separately at different times.
- Original labiovelars became plain velars in all positions.
- Innovated hard/soft consonant distinction.
- Glide v- inserted before word-initial o- (long or short).
- Glide j- inserted before word-initial e- and i- (long or short).
- Original au preserved as a diphthong.
- Original ae merged with long e in most cases, but was kept distinct in 1st declension noun inflectional endings (later merged in pronunciation but without palatalization).
- This may have actually been through an intermediate phase -āī rather than descending directly from Classical Latin -ae.
- Original oe merged with long e in all cases.
Grammatical
- Preserves case inflection.
- No articles.
- Modifier precedes noun.
Phonology
Orthography
| Grapheme | Sound (IPA) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| a | [ɐ] | |
| ā | [äː] | |
| ą | ||
| e | [ɛ ~ e̞] | [ɛ] before hard consonants. [e̞] before soft consonants and word-finally. |
| ē | [æː ~ ɛː ~ eː] | [æː] before hard consonants. [ɛː] before soft consonants. [eː] word-finally. |
| ę | ||
| æ | ||
| i | [ɪ] | /jɪ/ word-initially. |
| ī | [iː] | /jiː/ word-initially. |
| į | ||
| o | [ɔ] | |
| ō | [oː] | |
| ǫ | ||
| u | [ʊ] | |
| ū | [uː] | |
| ų | ||
| y | [ɪ] | Used to represent unpalatalized /ɪ/ and /iː/ in loanwords (especially word-initially). |
| ȳ | [iː] |
| Grapheme | Sound (IPA) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| ai | [äɪ̯] | |
| au | [ɐʊ̯] | |
| eu | [e̞ʊ̯] |
| Grapheme | Sound (IPA) | |
|---|---|---|
| Hard | Soft | |
| b | b | bʲ |
| c | t̪͡s̪ | t͡sʲ |
| č | t͡ʃ | t͡ɕ |
| ch | x | xʲ |
| d | d̪ | dʲ |
| dz | d̪͡z̪ | d͡zʲ |
| dž | d͡ʒ | d͡ʑ |
| f | f | fʲ |
| g | ɡ | ɡʲ |
| h | ɦ | ɣʲ |
| j | — | j |
| k | k | kʲ |
| l | ɫ | lʲ |
| m | m | mʲ |
| n | n̪ | nʲ |
| p | p | pʲ |
| r | r | rʲ |
| s | s̪ | sʲ |
| š | ʃ | ɕ |
| t | t̪ | tʲ |
| v | ʋ | vʲ |
| z | z̪ | zʲ |
| ž | ʒ | ʑ |
Consonants are always palatalized (soft) before ⟨e, ē, ę, i, ī, į⟩. Before ⟨a, ā, ą, æ, o, ō, ǫ, u, ū, ų⟩, palatalization is denoted by inserting an ⟨i⟩ between the consonant and the vowel.
Uniquely, ⟨j⟩ is always palatalized regardless of position.
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Stress generally follows Classical Latin rules.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
First declension
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -a | -æ |
| genitive | -æ | -ārų |
| dative | -æ | -āvīs |
| accusative | -ą | -ās |
| locative | -ā | -āvīs |
| vocative | -a | -æ |
Second declension
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | n. | m. | n. | |
| nominative | -(i)us | -(i)ų | -ī | -(i)a |
| genitive | -ī | -(i)ōrų | ||
| dative | -(i)ō | -īs | ||
| accusative | -(i)ų | -(i)ōs | -(i)a | |
| locative | -(i)ō | -īs | ||
| vocative | -e | -(i)ų | -ī | -(i)a |
Third declension
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f. | n. | |
| nominative | (various) | -ēs | -(i)a | |
| genitive | -is | -(i)ų | ||
| dative | -ī | -ivīs | ||
| accusative | -ę | (same as nom.) | -ēs | -(i)a |
| locative | -e | -ivīs | ||
| vocative | (same as nom.) | -ēs | -(i)a | |
Fourth declension
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f. | n. | |
| nominative | -us | -ū | -ūs | -uva |
| genitive | -uvis, -ūs | -uvų, -ų | ||
| dative | -uvī, -ui | -uvīs | ||
| accusative | -ų | -ū | -ūs | -uva |
| locative | -ū | -uvīs | ||
| vocative | -us | -ū | -ūs | -uva |
Fifth declension
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| m./f. | m./f. | |
| nominative | -ēs | -ēs |
| genitive | -ei | -ērų |
| dative | -ei | -ēvīs |
| accusative | -ę | -ēs |
| locative | -ē | -ēvīs |
| vocative | -ēs | -ēs |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Note: The cases have been reordered for convenience, since nominative & accusative forms are often identical as are dative & locative. The vocative has been excluded since it is always identical to the nominative.
| Person | Number | Gender | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Locative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | sg. | all | jehō | mē | mejus, -a, -ų | mivī | |
| pl. | all | nōs | nostrus, -a, -ų | nōvīs | |||
| 2 | sg. | all | tū | tē | tuvus, -a, -ų | tivī | |
| pl. | all | vōs | vostrus, -a, -ų | vōvīs | |||
| 3 | sg. | m. | isse | issų | issījus, -a, -ų | issui | issī |
| f. | issa | issą | issējus, -a, -ų | issei | issæ | ||
| n. | issut | issījus, -a, -ų | issui | issī | |||
| pl. | m. | issī | issōs | issōrus, -a, -ų | issīs | ||
| f. | issæ | issās | issārus, -a, -ų | issāvīs | |||
| n. | issa | issōrus, -a, -ų | issīs | ||||
| Reflexive | all | – | sē | suvus, -a, -ų | sivī | ||
Verbs
Verbs are split into four conjugations that can be identified by their present active infinitive endings:
- 1st conjugation: -āre
- 2nd conjugation: -ēre
- 3rd conjugation: -ere
- 4th conjugation: -īre
Principal parts
The full conjugation of most verbs (except some irregular verbs such as essere "to be") can be derived from their principal parts.
The principle parts are:
- 1st person singular present indicative - from which the secondary present stem is derived
- Present active infinitive - from which the primary present stem is derived
- 1st person singular preterite - from which the perfect stem is derived
- Supine - from which the supine stem is derived
Forms based on the present stem
The present stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending (-(i)āre, -ēre, -ere, or -īre) from the second principal part.
Many verbs in the second to fourth conjugations have a secondary present stem distinct from the primary present stem. This is obtained by removing -(i)ō from the first principal part and maintaining its hardness/softness.
In the 2nd and 4th declensions, the stem-final consonant is always soft, which is indicated with an -i- before back vowels (which is dropped if the stem ends in -j-). In the 1st and 3rd declensions, the stem-final consonant may be hard or soft.
| Person/ number |
Present indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect indicative | Imperfect subjunctive | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
| 1S | -(i)ō | -iō¹ | -[i]ō¹ | -iō¹ | -ę | -(i)ą¹ | -(i)āvą | -ēvą¹ | -(i)ārę | -ērę | -erę | -īrę | ||||
| 2S | -(i)ās | -ēs | -is | -īs | -ēs | -(i)ās¹ | -āvās | -ēvās¹ | -(i)ārēs | -ērēs | -erēs | -īrēs | ||||
| 3S | -(i)at | -et | -it | -it | -et | -(i)at¹ | -āvat | -ēvat¹ | -(i)āret | -ēret | -eret | -īret | ||||
| 1P | -(i)āmus | -ēmus | -imus | -īmus | -ēmus | -(i)āmus¹ | -āvāmus | -ēvāmus¹ | -(i)ārēmus | -ērēmus | -erēmus | -īrēmus | ||||
| 2P | -(i)ātis | -ētis | -itis | -ītis | -ētis | -(i)ātis¹ | -āvātis | -ēvātis¹ | -(i)ārētis | -ērētis | -erētis | -īrētis | ||||
| 3P | -(i)ant | -ent | -(i)unt¹ | -[i]unt¹ | -ent | -(i)ant¹ | -āvant | -ēvant¹ | -(i)ārent | -ērent | -erent | -īrent | ||||
Notes: ¹ Uses the secondary present stem (if applicable).
Forms based on the perfect stem
Forms based on the supine stem
Compound tenses
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example Texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Tōtī vominēs naščunt līverī jet jekālēs in dinnitāte jet jūrivīs. Sunt dōtātī dē rācōne jet kǫscencæ, jet dēviunt ažere inter sē in frāternitātis spīritī.
[ˈtoːtʲiː ˈʋɔmʲɪnʲæːs ˈnɐʃtʃʊnt ˈlʲiːvʲɛrʲiː jɛt jɛˈkaːlʲæːs jɪn dʲɪnʲːɪˈtaːtʲe̞ jɛt ˈjuːrʲɪvʲiːs ‖ sʊnt doːˈtaːtʲiː dʲeː raːˈtsoːnʲɛ jɛt koːˈstsʲɛnʲtseː | jɛt dʲɛːvʲʊnt ˈɐʑe̞rʲe̞ ˈjɪnʲtʲɛr sʲeː jɪn fraːtʲɛrʲnʲɪˈtaːtʲɪs ˈsʲpʲiːrʲɪtʲiː]